Borax, also known as sodium tetraborate, is a naturally occurring mineral compound widely used in various household products. As a white, crystalline substance, it has been marketed for decades as a versatile cleaning agent and laundry booster. The question of its safety, particularly for children, arises because of its chemical properties and common uses in the home, especially in DIY projects. This article examines the potential risks associated with borax exposure and provides parents with actionable information for prevention and emergency response.
What Borax Is and Where It’s Found
Borax, typically sold as sodium tetraborate decahydrate, is a naturally mined mineral salt composed of boron, sodium, and oxygen. It is often found in the dry lake beds of regions like California’s Death Valley. While chemically distinct from boric acid, both compounds contain boron and carry similar toxicity concerns.
Children primarily encounter borax through common household products and craft supplies. It is frequently used as a laundry powder additive to soften water and boost detergent effectiveness. Borax is also found in certain pesticides, particularly as an insecticide against pests like ants and cockroaches. Most concerning for parents, borax is a common ingredient in many recipes for homemade “slime” and other children’s putty-like toys, where it acts as a cross-linking agent.
Toxicity and Specific Risks for Children
Borax ingestion or absorption is hazardous, particularly for children whose smaller body mass makes them more susceptible to lower doses. The body readily absorbs borax orally, leading to the accumulation of boron, which stresses the body’s systems. Ingestion of significant amounts causes acute toxicity, and even small, repeated exposures can lead to chronic issues.
The most common symptoms of acute oral exposure include gastrointestinal distress such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. In more severe cases, especially in infants, effects on the central nervous system can manifest as headaches, lethargy, tremors, confusion, and seizures. Boron accumulation also affects the kidneys, potentially leading to organ dysfunction.
Dermal exposure is a concern, particularly with prolonged or high-concentration contact. Although borax is poorly absorbed through intact skin, frequent use in DIY crafts can cause skin irritation, rashes, and chemical burns, especially if the skin is damaged or repeatedly exposed. The eyes are highly vulnerable, as sodium tetraborate is corrosive and can cause severe irritation or damage upon direct contact.
Safe Storage and Emergency Response
Secure storage and careful handling are necessary to prevent accidental exposure. All cleaning and pest-control products containing borax should be stored in their original, tightly closed containers, placed high up and out of a child’s reach. Avoid transferring borax powder into unmarked containers or food receptacles, as this increases the risk of mistaken ingestion.
In the event of suspected exposure, immediate action is required. If the powder has been ingested, immediately call the U.S. Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 for expert guidance. If borax contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with a large amount of water. For eye exposure, flush the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes while holding the eyelids open, and seek medical attention immediately.
Non-Toxic Substitutions for Common Uses
The safest approach is to eliminate borax from the household by choosing non-toxic alternatives for its common applications. For general cleaning and as a laundry booster, readily available alternatives offer similar effectiveness without the health risks. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is a gentle abrasive and deodorizer that can soften water and boost detergent power. White vinegar, due to its acetic acid content, works effectively as a general disinfectant and mineral deposit remover.
For DIY crafts like slime, several safe recipes utilize household ingredients. A common borax-free slime substitute uses school glue, baking soda, and contact lens solution containing sodium borate, though the latter must be used cautiously and in small quantities. Completely borax-free options include recipes based on liquid starch, or simple mixtures of flour, salt, and water for a safe, pliable putty.