Bakhoor, also spelled bukhoor, is a form of scented incense with deep cultural significance across the Middle East and the Arabian Gulf. It is traditionally made from fragrant wood chips, such as agarwood, soaked in aromatic oils and blended with natural materials like resins, musk, and floral essences. The practice involves burning these prepared ingredients, often over a charcoal disc in a specialized burner called a mabkhara, to release a rich, lingering smoke. While this ancient ritual perfumes homes, clothing, and hair, its combustion process generates various airborne chemicals. This article examines the scientific evidence surrounding Bakhoor use to determine the potential health risks associated with inhaling its smoke.
The Pollutants Released During Combustion
The smoke produced by burning Bakhoor is a complex mixture of gases and solid particles resulting from incomplete combustion. A major concern is the release of Particulate Matter (PM), including microscopic particles classified as PM10 and the finer PM2.5. These minute particles are easily inhaled and can penetrate deep into the respiratory system, causing physical irritation and triggering inflammatory responses.
Chemical analysis of Bakhoor smoke reveals numerous Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), which vaporize easily at room temperature. Studies have identified a wide array of these compounds, including known irritants and toxic agents. For instance, chemical components like formaldehyde and benzene, classified as suspected or known human carcinogens, have been detected in the smoke.
The combustion of Bakhoor can release hundreds of distinct compounds, including over 40 identified as suspected or known carcinogens, and more than 200 known irritants to the eyes and respiratory tract. Furthermore, the traditional use of charcoal to ignite the Bakhoor adds to the air pollution by generating additional gases. These gases include Carbon Monoxide (CO), which impairs the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, and various nitrogen and sulfur oxides.
Impacts on Respiratory Health
Exposure to the complex mixture of pollutants in Bakhoor smoke has direct physiological consequences, primarily affecting the respiratory system. Short-term exposure can lead to acute symptoms as the smoke irritates the sensitive lining of the eyes, throat, and nasal passages. Individuals often experience coughing, throat dryness, and a burning sensation in the airways following exposure.
Long-term and frequent inhalation of these fine particles and chemical irritants is associated with the development and exacerbation of chronic respiratory conditions. Research has established a link between regular use of incense and an increased risk of developing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in non-smoking adults. The consistent irritation induces inflammatory responses that can degrade the epithelial tissue lining the bronchioles.
The smoke is concerning for vulnerable groups, such as infants, the elderly, and those with pre-existing lung conditions like asthma. Studies show that exposure to Bakhoor smoke can significantly increase the frequency of wheezing and other asthma symptoms in children. The physical deposition of fine particulate matter, combined with the chemical toxicity of VOCs, contributes to reduced lung function, specifically measured by a decrease in forced expiratory volume (FEV). This exposure promotes oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to a long-term decline in the lungs’ capacity to function efficiently.
Methods for Minimizing Exposure
For individuals who continue the practice, simple strategies can significantly mitigate the inhalation of harmful smoke constituents. The most immediate action involves improving the ventilation in the area where Bakhoor is burned. Always open windows and doors, or use exhaust fans to ensure a continuous exchange of indoor and outdoor air, preventing pollutants from concentrating.
The duration of the burning period should be limited to the minimum time necessary to achieve the desired fragrance level. Limiting the exposure time directly reduces the total dose of particulate matter and VOCs inhaled by household members. Maintaining a greater physical distance from the burner during use helps minimize direct, high-concentration exposure.
Consideration should be given to modern alternatives to the traditional charcoal-based method, as charcoal is a source of CO and other pollutants. Electric Bakhoor burners, for example, heat the material without direct flame, potentially producing less smoke and fewer combustion byproducts. Non-combustion fragrance options, such as ultrasonic oil diffusers or wax melt burners, can achieve a similar aromatic effect without generating smoke or particulate matter.