Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid found in grains such as wheat, rye, and barley, and also produced by a yeast called Malassezia furfur that resides on normal skin. This compound has gained attention for its effects on skin health. This article will specifically explore the antibacterial capabilities of azelaic acid.
Azelaic Acid’s Antibacterial Properties
Azelaic acid possesses antibacterial properties, making it effective against various microorganisms. Studies show its efficacy against bacteria commonly associated with skin conditions, including Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These bacteria contribute to acne lesions and inflammation.
Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirm azelaic acid’s impact on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Its antibacterial action reduces bacterial populations on the skin, which contributes to its therapeutic benefits in dermatological applications.
How Azelaic Acid Inhibits Bacteria
Azelaic acid exerts its antibacterial effects through several mechanisms. It interferes with bacterial protein synthesis, which is crucial for bacterial growth and proliferation. Even at relatively low concentrations, azelaic acid can reduce microbial protein synthesis by over fifty percent.
The compound also impacts bacterial metabolism, particularly in anaerobic bacteria. It disables a bacterium’s ability to maintain a stable pH difference across its cell membrane. This disruption in intracellular pH decreases the efficiency of respiratory metabolism, making bacterial cells more vulnerable to environmental changes. Azelaic acid also inhibits bacterial enzyme activity, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory free fatty acids and other byproducts that contribute to bacterial growth and inflammation within the skin. Azelaic acid is actively transported into bacterial cells like Cutibacterium acnes, reaching concentrations higher than in the surrounding tissue.
Clinical Uses for Its Antibacterial Action
The antibacterial action of azelaic acid has practical applications in treating specific skin conditions. It is utilized in the management of acne vulgaris. Its ability to kill acne-causing bacteria like Cutibacterium acnes helps reduce the bacterial load on the skin. This reduction in bacterial presence contributes to fewer breakouts and less inflammation.
Azelaic acid also plays a role in managing rosacea. While rosacea is primarily an inflammatory condition, a bacterial component can exacerbate its symptoms. Azelaic acid’s antimicrobial properties help control this bacterial element, reducing inflammation and the appearance of bumps and pustules associated with rosacea.