Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, has been a widely used over-the-counter medication for over a century, recognized for its ability to alleviate pain, including headaches.
How Aspirin Relieves Headaches
Aspirin functions as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) by interfering with the body’s production of prostaglandins. These hormone-like compounds are released by damaged tissues and contribute to inflammation, fever, and pain signals. By inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, aspirin prevents the synthesis of prostaglandins. Its effects on prostaglandin production last until the body produces new enzymes. This action reduces both pain perception and the inflammatory response that contributes to headache discomfort.
Headaches Aspirin Can Treat
Aspirin is generally effective for alleviating mild to moderate headache pain. It is a common choice for tension headaches, which often manifest as a tight band of pain around the head or a dull ache. For these types of headaches, a single dose of aspirin, typically between 500 mg and 1000 mg, can provide relief.
Aspirin can also be used for some migraine headaches. High doses, ranging from 900 mg to 1300 mg, taken at the onset of symptoms, may effectively reduce migraine pain and associated symptoms like nausea. A daily low dose of aspirin, between 81 mg and 325 mg, might help prevent recurrent migraine attacks, though evidence for this preventative use is mixed.
Situations Where Aspirin Should Be Avoided
Despite its effectiveness, aspirin is not suitable for everyone and carries potential risks. Reye’s syndrome, a rare but severe condition that can cause swelling in the brain and liver, makes aspirin use in children and teenagers generally not recommended. Aspirin can also cause gastrointestinal irritation, including stomach upset, heartburn, and ulcers, particularly with prolonged or high-dose use. This risk is higher for individuals over 65 or those with a history of ulcers.
Because aspirin inhibits blood clotting, it can increase the risk of bleeding. Increased bruising, nosebleeds, and prolonged bleeding from cuts are possible. Individuals taking blood thinners or other NSAIDs, or those with conditions like stomach ulcers or certain kidney diseases, should avoid aspirin due to heightened bleeding risk. Allergic reactions, though rare, can also occur.
When to Consult a Doctor for Headaches
Seek medical attention for headaches that deviate from typical patterns or are accompanied by concerning symptoms. A sudden, severe headache, often described as “the worst headache of your life,” warrants immediate emergency care. Headaches accompanied by a fever, stiff neck, or changes in consciousness could indicate a serious underlying condition.
Neurological symptoms such as weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking, or vision changes alongside a headache require prompt medical evaluation. Headaches that worsen over time, occur more frequently, or do not improve with over-the-counter medications should be discussed with a healthcare provider. A doctor’s consultation is advisable for new headaches in individuals over 50 or headaches following a head injury.