Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) impacts central vision. AREDS 2 is a supplement often discussed for managing this condition. Understanding its composition and research helps clarify its role in eye health.
What AREDS 2 Is
AREDS 2 refers to the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2, a significant clinical trial that investigated the impact of specific nutritional supplements on the progression of intermediate to advanced age-related macular degeneration. This formulation aims to slow the progression of intermediate to advanced AMD, a condition affecting the macula, which is responsible for sharp, central vision. This supplement is not intended to prevent AMD from developing or to reverse vision loss that has already occurred.
The AREDS 2 formulation includes a precise combination of nutrients:
Vitamin C (500 mg)
Vitamin E (400 IU)
Zinc (80 mg as zinc oxide, though 25 mg was also found effective)
Copper (2 mg as cupric oxide)
Lutein (10 mg)
Zeaxanthin (2 mg)
These ingredients were chosen for their antioxidant properties and role in macular health. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are carotenoids naturally found in the macula, helping to protect the eyes from damaging light.
Understanding Its Safety Profile
AREDS 2 is generally considered safe for most individuals when taken as directed. However, some common side effects can occur, primarily involving the gastrointestinal system. Users might experience stomach upset, nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, or constipation. These digestive issues are often mild and can sometimes be mitigated by taking the supplement with food.
Rarely, allergic reactions like itching, rashes, or swelling can occur and warrant immediate medical attention. The dosages in AREDS 2 are higher than typical daily allowances, chosen for their therapeutic effect on AMD.
More serious, though infrequent, concerns can arise from high doses of specific components over time. For example, high doses of vitamin C can increase the risk of kidney stone formation, particularly for those already predisposed. High zinc levels might lead to copper deficiency if not balanced, which is why copper is included in the formula. Some studies have also explored a potential link between high-dose vitamin E and an increased risk of all-cause mortality or prostate cancer, although research findings can be conflicting.
Considerations for Specific Individuals
The original AREDS formulation contained beta-carotene, which was later found to increase the risk of lung cancer in current and former smokers. The AREDS 2 formulation addressed this by replacing beta-carotene with lutein and zeaxanthin, making it a safer option for individuals with a history of smoking. Despite this improvement, smokers should still discuss any supplement use with their healthcare provider.
Certain individuals with pre-existing medical conditions or those taking specific medications need to exercise caution. For instance, individuals with kidney disease should consult a doctor due to the zinc content. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should also seek medical advice before starting any new supplement regimen.
Vitamin E, a component of AREDS 2, can interact with blood-thinning medications like warfarin, potentially increasing the risk of bleeding. Zinc can also interfere with the absorption of certain antibiotics and bisphosphonates, which are used to treat osteoporosis. To minimize these interactions, it may be necessary to separate the timing of supplement and medication intake. People taking iron supplements should also be aware that iron can reduce zinc absorption, and separating doses can be beneficial.
Navigating Safe Supplement Use
Before starting AREDS 2 or any new supplement, it is important to consult a healthcare professional, such as an ophthalmologist or primary care physician. They can assess individual health needs, evaluate potential risks, and determine if the supplement is appropriate.
Adhering to the recommended dosage is also important. Taking more than the suggested amount does not necessarily increase benefits and can elevate the risk of adverse effects. For example, the AREDS 2 study found that a lower zinc dose (25 mg) was as effective as the higher dose (80 mg), and some formulations now offer this reduced amount.
When selecting an AREDS 2 supplement, choosing a reputable brand that undergoes third-party testing can help ensure product purity and accurate ingredient amounts. This is because dietary supplements are not regulated with the same strictness as prescription medications. Finally, it is important to remember that AREDS 2 is a supplement designed to help slow the progression of AMD in specific cases, not a cure for the condition.