An overbite is a common dental condition where upper front teeth extend over lower front teeth when the mouth is closed. This overlap is a type of malocclusion, or improper tooth alignment. While some overlap is normal for a functional bite, its extent varies. An overbite’s impact depends on its degree and other factors, so it doesn’t always indicate a problem.
Understanding Overbites
A normal overbite involves a slight vertical overlap, where the upper teeth cover approximately one-third of the lower teeth. Orthodontists consider an overlap of less than three millimeters to be within the normal range. When the overlap exceeds this, it is categorized as an excessive or deep overbite, which may warrant orthodontic attention.
Overbites can stem from various factors. Genetics play a significant role, as a hereditary jaw shape or smaller lower jaw can contribute. Jaw development also influences formation, especially if the lower jaw doesn’t grow forward enough. Childhood habits like prolonged thumb-sucking, tongue-thrusting, or excessive pacifier use can also influence tooth and jaw positioning.
Potential Health and Functional Concerns
An excessive overbite can lead to a range of health and functional issues. Excessive wear on tooth enamel is a common problem, especially on lower front teeth, which may repeatedly contact upper teeth or the roof of the mouth in severe cases. This friction can erode tooth structure, leading to sensitivity or tooth loss. Gum damage can also occur if lower teeth bite into gum tissue behind upper front teeth, causing irritation, recession, or sores.
Improper bites can hinder effective chewing and biting, making food processing challenging. Speech impediments, such as lisping or difficulty pronouncing sounds, may also arise due to altered tooth alignment. A deep overbite can also contribute to jaw pain or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Misalignment stresses jaw joints, causing headaches, facial pain, and difficulty opening or closing the mouth.
Corrective Measures
Treatment options for overbites vary based on severity and individual needs. Orthodontic treatments realign the bite. Traditional metal braces, with brackets and wires, gradually move teeth. Ceramic braces offer a less noticeable alternative.
Clear aligners (e.g., Invisalign) offer a discreet option, using custom, removable trays to shift teeth. For severe cases with jaw discrepancies, palatal expanders can widen the upper jaw for alignment. Significant skeletal imbalance may require orthognathic (corrective jaw) surgery to reposition the jaws. Consulting an orthodontist determines the most appropriate treatment plan.
Addressing Untreated Overbites
Leaving an excessive overbite uncorrected can lead to progressive oral health problems. Persistent tooth wear, initially minor, can worsen, exposing inner tooth layers and increasing cavity and sensitivity risk. Gum issues like chronic inflammation or recession may worsen, jeopardizing tooth stability and leading to periodontal disease. Ongoing jaw joint strain can intensify, causing chronic jaw pain, frequent headaches, and severe TMJ dysfunction.
Untreated overbites can also complicate oral hygiene. Crowded or misaligned teeth, common with severe overbites, create hard-to-clean areas. This leads to increased plaque and bacteria, raising the risk of tooth decay and gum disease. Addressing a significant overbite early prevents escalation, avoiding complex and costly interventions later.