American Beech is classified as a hardwood. The classification of wood into “hardwood” and “softwood” is based on the botanical family of the tree, not its physical density or strength. American Beech is a member of the Fagaceae family, which contains flowering, deciduous trees. This distinction explains why some physically soft woods, like balsa, are considered hardwoods, while some dense softwoods, like yew, are classified as softwoods. This article details the specific properties and practical uses of American Beech wood.
Defining Hardwood: The Botanical Difference
The terms hardwood and softwood are rooted in botany, specifically the reproductive structure of the tree. Hardwoods come from angiosperms, which are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in a protective ovary, such as a fruit or a nut. Most angiosperms in temperate regions are broad-leaved and deciduous, meaning they shed their leaves seasonally. The structure of hardwood lumber is complex, featuring vessel elements or pores that transport water and nutrients. In contrast, softwoods are derived from gymnosperms, a group that includes conifers like pines and firs. Gymnosperms are non-flowering and produce “naked” seeds, typically in cones. The internal structure of softwood is simpler, lacking the vessel elements found in hardwoods.
Identifying the American Beech Tree
The American Beech, scientifically known as Fagus grandifolia, is the only native beech species in the United States and is a prominent part of the eastern hardwood forests. Mature trees can reach heights of 100 to 130 feet. The bark is the most recognizable feature, as it remains thin, smooth, and light gray throughout the tree’s lifespan. The leaves are simple, oval-shaped, and feature serrated edges with straight, parallel veins. The tree is distributed widely across the eastern United States, extending from southeastern Canada down to the Gulf Coast.
Key Characteristics of Beech Wood
American Beech wood is a dense and strong material, with an average dried weight of 45 pounds per cubic foot. This high density contributes to its performance in high-wear environments. Its texture is fine and uniform, and the grain is typically straight, providing a clean, consistent look in finished products. The wood is ranked highly on the Janka hardness scale, with an average rating of 1,300 pounds-force, which indicates strong resistance to denting and wear. While the wood is hard and strong, it is considered non-durable and is highly susceptible to decay and insect attack if not treated. Beech wood responds exceptionally well to steam-bending, allowing it to be shaped into curved parts without breaking.
Common Practical Applications
The strength and working properties of American Beech wood make it suitable for numerous commercial applications. Its hardness and resistance to abrasion lead to its widespread use for flooring, especially in high-traffic commercial and factory settings. The wood’s ability to resist shock also makes it an excellent choice for manufacturing tool handles. The fine, uniform texture and good machining qualities lend themselves to the production of furniture, cabinetry, and decorative veneers. Because beech wood is odorless and tasteless, it is used for food containers and woodenware. Its high density and heat output make it a reliable, long-burning fuel wood.