Aerosol hairspray is a formulation delivered by a pressurized can, designed to hold hair in place with a fine mist. The product consists of hair-holding polymers dissolved in a solvent, which are expelled from the container by a propellant. Concerns exist regarding the safety of using this product, particularly the long-term effects of repeatedly breathing in the spray cloud.
Key Chemical Components in Aerosol Hairspray
Aerosol hairsprays rely on a specific mix of compounds to function, including polymers, solvents, and propellants. Polymers are the active ingredients, consisting of long, chain-like molecules that form a stiff, clear film on the hair shaft to maintain the style. A common example is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which must be soluble enough to be washed out but resilient enough to provide hold.
The polymers are carried in a solvent, the liquid base that keeps the other ingredients dissolved and ensures a smooth application. Ethanol, a form of alcohol, is frequently used because it evaporates quickly once sprayed onto the hair. Solvents can also include water, though this results in a slower drying time.
The signature feature of aerosol delivery is the propellant, a gas stored under pressure that forces the product out and atomizes it into a fine spray. These propellants are often liquefied hydrocarbons, such as propane, butane, or isobutane. These substances are classified as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) because they readily evaporate at room temperature and contribute to the fine mist.
Understanding Respiratory Health Concerns
The primary health concern is the inhalation of the fine mist created by the propellant system. This mist contains the solvent, polymer particles, and propellant gases, which are introduced directly into the user’s breathing space. Studies show that personal care products like hairspray contribute significantly to indoor air pollution, resulting in higher indoor concentrations of VOCs.
Inhaling these airborne chemicals can lead to immediate irritation of the upper respiratory tract, including the throat and nasal passages. The fine particulate matter can travel deep into the lungs, where repeated exposure may cause chronic irritation. Professional hair stylists, who are exposed daily, have reported symptoms like persistent coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness.
Chronic exposure has been associated with a decrease in measured lung function over time in high-exposure occupations. When hairspray is used with heat styling tools, the heat can increase the emission of certain chemicals. This combination can also generate ultrafine nanoparticles that may lodge in the pulmonary system, potentially leading to respiratory stress and lung inflammation.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known irritants that can exacerbate pre-existing respiratory conditions. Individuals with conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may experience increased frequency or severity of symptoms following hairspray use. The combination of chemical irritants and fine aerosolized particles presents a risk, particularly with frequent use in poorly ventilated areas.
Skin, Eye, and Allergic Reactions
Aerosol hairspray can cause adverse effects upon contact with the skin and eyes. The mist can drift and settle on the face, neck, and scalp, potentially leading to contact dermatitis. This skin reaction manifests as a red, itchy, and sometimes scaly rash where the product has touched the skin.
The delicate skin around the eyelids is susceptible to contact allergies from airborne hairspray droplets. Many formulas contain fragrances and preservatives that are known allergens, which can trigger sensitization over time. Once sensitized, an individual may experience an allergic response that includes swelling, puffiness, and irritation of the eyelid skin.
Accidental spraying into the eyes can cause immediate chemical irritation, usually resulting in mild pain, burning, and redness. The solvent component, often alcohol, is the main source of the stinging sensation. While temporary, thorough rinsing is necessary to prevent prolonged discomfort and ensure the irritation resolves quickly.
Reducing Exposure and Safer Application Methods
Users can mitigate the potential health risks of aerosol hairspray by altering their application technique and environment. Utilizing the product in a space with robust ventilation is the most effective safety measure. Opening a window or using an extractor fan helps draw the airborne mist and VOCs away from the breathing zone.
Maintaining a greater distance between the can and the hair minimizes the concentration of the spray that might be inhaled. Stepping out of the immediate vicinity of the spray cloud after application avoids breathing the settling mist. Reducing the frequency and duration of use can also lower the overall chemical exposure.
For individuals with high sensitivity or pre-existing respiratory conditions, exploring non-aerosol alternatives is a practical choice. Pump hairsprays, gels, and mousses use a different delivery mechanism that does not rely on propellants and produces a much larger droplet size. Selecting products labeled as having “low VOC formulas” can further reduce the release of volatile organic compounds.