An Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) is a common illness affecting the nose, sinuses, throat, and voice box. These infections are frequently caused by viruses, though some are bacterial, and include familiar conditions like the common cold, sinus infections, and strep throat.
How URIs Spread
Upper Respiratory Infections primarily spread through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These small droplets, containing viruses or bacteria, can travel short distances, typically three to six feet before settling. When inhaled or landing on mucous membranes like the eyes, nose, or mouth, infection can occur.
Direct physical contact with an infected individual also facilitates transmission. This occurs when someone touches an infected person, like through a handshake, and then touches their own face, allowing pathogens to enter their system. Pathogens can also spread indirectly through contaminated surfaces, known as fomites. Respiratory droplets can land on objects like doorknobs, phones, or toys, where viruses or bacteria can remain viable for several hours. When a person touches these contaminated surfaces and then touches their eyes, nose, or mouth, the infection can be transmitted.
How Long URIs Are Contagious
The period during which an individual with a URI can spread the infection varies, but contagiousness often begins before symptoms are noticeable. Contagiousness is typically highest during the first few days of symptoms, especially when symptoms are at their peak.
While the most infectious period is early in the illness, an individual can remain contagious for several days after symptoms begin, and even as they start to improve. For common colds, this contagious period can last up to two weeks. The exact duration depends on the specific virus or bacteria causing the URI, as some pathogens might be shed for longer periods than others. For example, some bacterial infections like strep throat can remain contagious for weeks if left untreated.
Stopping the Spread
Practicing thorough hand hygiene is an effective way to prevent the spread of URIs. This involves washing hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching shared surfaces. If soap and water are not available, an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol can be used to clean hands.
Adhering to proper respiratory etiquette also helps contain the spread of infectious droplets. When coughing or sneezing, it is helpful to use a tissue to cover the mouth and nose, then immediately dispose of the used tissue. If a tissue is not immediately available, coughing or sneezing into the upper sleeve or elbow, rather than the hands, can prevent the spread of germs.
Minimizing close contact with others, especially when feeling unwell, is another measure to limit transmission. Staying home when sick, particularly during the most contagious phase, prevents infecting colleagues, classmates, or others in public settings. Avoiding shared items like eating utensils or cups can also reduce the risk of indirect spread. Furthermore, regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces in homes and shared spaces can help eliminate pathogens that settle there. Finally, consciously avoiding touching the eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands can prevent self-inoculation, as this is a common way for viruses to enter the body.