Though both common bird species, quails and pigeons are often confused. Despite some resemblances, they have fundamental differences. This article clarifies their distinct identities.
Unpacking the Question
Quails and pigeons are not the same species, nor are they closely related. Their scientific classifications place them in entirely different groups, highlighting distinct evolutionary paths. Pigeons belong to the family Columbidae, the sole family within the order Columbiformes, which includes all doves and pigeons.
In contrast, quails are classified under the order Galliformes, a group that includes fowl-like birds such as chickens, turkeys, and pheasants. Within Galliformes, quails are further divided into two main families: Phasianidae for Old World quails and Odontophoridae for New World quails. This classification confirms they are separate avian lineages.
Distinctive Features
Numerous characteristics set quails and pigeons apart, from their physical makeup to their behaviors and preferred habitats. Quails are typically small, plump, and short-tailed birds, often resembling partridges. Old World quails tend to be shorter and stockier, while New World quails possess stronger bills and lack leg spurs.
For example, the common quail measures about 16-18 cm in length and weighs between 70 to 140 grams. Pigeons, conversely, have stout bodies, small heads, relatively short necks, and slender bills, sometimes with a fleshy cere at the base. They are generally larger than most quails, with common pigeons weighing around 1 pound.
Behaviorally, quails are primarily ground-dwelling birds that form social groups called coveys. When startled, they exhibit an explosive, short flight pattern, often bursting into the air before quickly landing. They can also run at speeds up to 12 mph.
Their vocalizations are varied, including distinctive three-note calls like the “Chi-ca-go” of the California Quail or the “Bob-WHITE!” of the Northern Bobwhite, in addition to alarm and covey calls.
Pigeons are known for their strong, sustained flight, often flying in leisurely circles or a direct line. Their characteristic vocalizations are cooing sounds, alongside grunting alarm calls and a noticeable wing-whistle during flight. Pigeons are highly adaptable, often found in urban environments, cliffs, or forests globally. Quails prefer open country, grasslands, and shrublands.
Understanding Similarities
Despite their many differences, some superficial similarities might cause confusion. Both are avian species that can be found foraging on the ground. Certain species of pigeons, known as quail-doves (genus Geotrygon), are even named for their resemblance to quails and are also ground-dwelling.
Additionally, humans raise both quails and pigeons for meat and eggs. These shared traits, such as a general bird shape, ground-feeding habits, or their role in human agriculture, can lead to casual confusion. However, these resemblances do not signify a close biological kinship, as their fundamental classifications and most biological characteristics remain distinct.