When encountering Highland cattle, a common question is whether a “Highland cow” is actually a bull. This confusion often arises from their distinctive appearance, including prominent horns and shaggy coats, which can sometimes obscure typical indicators of sex. A Highland cow is, in fact, a female of the Highland cattle breed, while a bull is a male. This article clarifies the differences between breed and sex in cattle, focusing on characteristics that distinguish Highland bulls from cows.
Understanding Cattle Terminology
General cattle terminology helps clarify distinctions within Highland cattle. A “cow” refers to a mature female bovine that has given birth to at least one calf. In contrast, a “bull” is an intact adult male bovine, primarily used for breeding purposes. Bulls are typically larger and more muscular than their female counterparts.
A “heifer” is a young female cattle that has not yet had a calf. A “steer” is a male bovine that has been castrated, typically before reaching sexual maturity, and is often raised for beef production. A “calf” is a young bovine, male or female, less than one year old.
Highland Cattle: A Breed Distinction
“Highland” refers to a specific, ancient breed of cattle originating from the Scottish Highlands. This breed is easily recognizable by its long, shaggy double coat of hair and impressive horns. Their thick, oily outer coat and downy undercoat provide insulation, making them well-suited to harsh, cold, and wet climates.
Within the Highland breed, individuals of both sexes and various ages exist. Highland cattle therefore include cows, bulls, heifers, steers, and calves. When someone refers to a “Highland cow,” they are specifically indicating a mature female of this distinctive breed. The term “Highland” describes the type of cattle, not its sex.
Distinguishing Highland Bulls from Cows
Highland bulls and cows exhibit several discernible physical differences that allow for their identification. Bulls are generally larger and possess a more muscular build than cows, especially in the neck and shoulders. A bull’s neck often has a distinct crest, contributing to its masculine appearance. Mature bulls can weigh between 600 kg and 900 kg, while females typically range from 400 kg to 650 kg.
The horns also offer a key way to differentiate between sexes. While both male and female Highland cattle have horns, their shape and direction of growth differ. A bull’s horns are typically strong, thicker at the base, and tend to grow outwards, then slightly forward, sometimes inclining slightly upwards towards the points. In contrast, a cow’s horns typically grow outwards and then curve upwards, often appearing longer and finer at the tip. There can be variations in horn shape even within cows, with some having a more level growth from the head before curving.