A hedgehog is classified as an omnivore, but this designation requires a deeper understanding of its specific dietary needs. The most common species kept as pets, the African Pygmy Hedgehog, and its wild European relatives are better described as insectivorous omnivores. This means their diet, while varied, is heavily skewed toward animal-based protein, primarily from invertebrates. This preference is fundamental to their biology and must be maintained for their health.
Defining the Hedgehog Diet
The term omnivore means an animal consumes both plant and animal matter, but it does not specify the ratio. Hedgehogs possess a digestive system adapted for a protein-rich diet, which is the reason for their specialized classification. Their short intestinal tract and simple stomach structure allow for the rapid processing of animal protein, but they are not built for efficiently breaking down large amounts of cellulose found in plant matter.
Chitin, which makes up the hard exoskeletons of insects, is particularly important to the hedgehog’s diet. Chitin is a source of fiber that aids their digestion and helps them utilize fat-soluble vitamins. While they occasionally ingest plants, their nutritional requirements are met by the high protein and specific fiber content found in their invertebrate prey. Therefore, their overall health depends on a diet that is high in protein and low in fat, with the bulk of their food being animal-based.
Foods Consumed in the Wild
In their natural habitats, hedgehogs are opportunistic nocturnal foragers, relying on a diverse menu of invertebrates. The primary components of their diet are soft-bodied insects and other small creatures found by snuffling through leaf litter and soil. Studies of wild hedgehog scat show that beetles, caterpillars, earthworms, and millipedes form the majority of their food intake.
They also prey on slugs and snails, though these are often secondary choices when other food is scarce. Beyond insects, their opportunistic nature leads them to consume small vertebrates, such as frogs, lizards, baby rodents, and bird eggs. Plant matter, like fallen fruit or grass roots, is consumed incidentally, but it is not a significant source of nutrition.
Proper Nutrition for Pet Hedgehogs
For pet hedgehogs, replicating the high-protein, low-fat, chitin-rich diet of their wild relatives is paramount for preventing common health issues like obesity and fatty liver disease. The core of a captive hedgehog’s diet should be a high-quality, commercially formulated hedgehog kibble. If a dedicated hedgehog food is unavailable, a high-quality, low-fat cat kibble with a protein content over 30% can be used as a substitute. The kibble provides balanced nutrition, and its hard texture helps to keep their teeth clean, preventing dental problems.
This dry food should be supplemented with insects to supply the necessary chitin fiber and mental stimulation. Live or dried insects like crickets and mealworms are excellent choices. They should be fed in moderation, typically five to ten insects per day, as excessive mealworm consumption can lead to health problems.
Treats and supplemental foods should be given sparingly, making up less than 10% of the total diet. Small pieces of cooked, unseasoned chicken or turkey, and cooked eggs, are good protein-packed options. Tiny amounts of fresh vegetables and fruits, such as apples, bananas, or cooked squash, can be offered, but sugary and starchy items should be avoided.
Toxic Foods
Owners must be aware of foods that are toxic or harmful to hedgehogs. Dairy products, including milk and cheese, are off-limits because hedgehogs are lactose intolerant and consumption can cause severe diarrhea. Other dangerous foods to avoid are:
- Grapes
- Raisins
- Avocados
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Processed human foods
These items can pose choking hazards, contain toxins, or contribute to poor health outcomes.