The term “garden snake” most often refers to garter snakes (genus Thamnophis), which are widely distributed across North America. While generally harmless to humans, a common misconception exists about whether they are “poisonous.” Garter snakes are not poisonous, but they do possess a mild venom. This article clarifies the distinction between “poisonous” and “venomous” and provides guidance on handling a garter snake bite.
Characteristics of Common “Garden Snakes”
Garter snakes are small to medium-sized reptiles, typically ranging from 18 to 26 inches, though some can reach up to 4.5 feet in length. They are identifiable by their distinctive longitudinal stripes, which can be yellow, white, green, or brown against a background of black, brown, or green. Some species may also display irregular red spots or checkered patterns between their stripes.
These snakes are highly adaptable and thrive in diverse environments, including gardens, grassy areas, forests, and wetlands, often found near water sources like ponds and streams. Garter snakes are generally non-aggressive and tend to flee when threatened. If cornered or handled, they may exhibit defensive behaviors such as releasing a foul-smelling musk or striking with a closed mouth. They primarily feed on small amphibians, worms, and insects, making them beneficial for pest control in gardens.
Clarifying “Poisonous” and “Venomous”
The terms “poisonous” and “venomous” are often used interchangeably, but they describe different ways toxins are delivered. A “poisonous” animal releases toxins when ingested or absorbed through skin contact. Conversely, a “venomous” animal injects toxins, typically through a bite or sting, into another organism.
Garter snakes are mildly venomous, not poisonous. For many years, they were considered non-venomous due to their mild effect on humans, but scientific understanding has evolved. Their venom is a mild neurotoxin, primarily effective against small prey like amphibians and worms, and is delivered through saliva rather than specialized fangs. A garter snake bite usually results in minor symptoms for humans, such as mild redness, swelling, or localized irritation, similar to a bee sting. The venom’s low potency and inefficient delivery mean it poses minimal risk to human health.
Handling a Garter Snake Bite
Garter snake bites are uncommon and typically occur only if the snake is provoked or handled. If a bite occurs, remain calm. Clean the wound thoroughly with soap and water to reduce the risk of infection.
After cleaning, apply an antiseptic ointment to the bite area. Monitor the wound for any signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, pus, or persistent pain. While severe reactions are rare, medical attention should be sought if an allergic reaction occurs. To avoid bites, observe garter snakes from a distance and avoid attempting to pick them up. Keeping lawns mowed and tidying woodpiles can also help reduce encounters.