The terms “cow” and “buffalo” are often used interchangeably, yet these animals are distinct. They possess unique biological classifications, physical attributes, and behaviors. This article clarifies the distinctions between domestic cattle, true buffalo species, and the animal commonly referred to as the American “buffalo.”
Understanding “Cow” and “Buffalo”
Domestic cattle, commonly called “cows,” belong to the Bos genus. These animals have been extensively domesticated and are found globally, primarily raised for meat and dairy production. Their lineage traces back to the wild aurochs, an extinct bovine.
The term “buffalo” refers to two main types of large bovids: the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and the African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Water buffalo originated in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with two recognized types: river buffalo and swamp buffalo. African buffalo, or Cape buffalo, are native to sub-Saharan Africa. Cattle, water buffalo, and African buffalo reside in different genera—Bos, Bubalus, and Syncerus, respectively—indicating distinct evolutionary paths.
Key Differences Between True Buffalo and Domestic Cattle
Water buffalo possess large, sweeping horns that often curve backward or form a crescent shape. African buffalo are characterized by massive horns with fused bases, forming a helmet-like “boss” across the top of the male’s head, which then curve downwards and up. In contrast, domestic cattle horns vary greatly by breed and can be polled (hornless), or shorter and more pointed.
Water buffalo are large and powerfully built, with wild males weighing up to 1,200 kilograms (2,645 pounds). African buffalo are also substantial animals, typically weighing between 300 and 900 kilograms (660 to 1,980 pounds), with a stocky build. Domestic cattle are smaller than most true buffalo species. Water buffalo have sparse hair, with their dark gray to black skin. African buffalo coats are typically dark gray or black.
Water buffalo are highly dependent on water, frequently wallowing in mud or submerging themselves to regulate body temperature and protect against insects, as they have fewer sweat glands than cattle. They naturally inhabit wet environments like marshes and swamps. African buffalo require daily access to water and thrive in savannas, swamps, and forests. Both water and African buffalo are social animals, forming herds.
Water buffalo have been domesticated for thousands of years. They are widely used for draft work, particularly in rice paddies, and valued for their milk, which has a higher fat content than cow’s milk, as well as for meat. The African buffalo, however, has never been domesticated due to its unpredictable and aggressive nature. Domestic cattle are extensively bred globally for various purposes and are known for their more docile temperament due to centuries of selective breeding.
The American “Buffalo” Misnomer
In North America, the animal commonly called a “buffalo” is actually the American Bison (Bison bison). This misnomer originated from early European settlers, particularly French fur trappers in the 1600s, who mistakenly called them “bufello” or “bœuf” (French for ox or beef) due to a perceived resemblance to the true buffalo of Africa and Asia. The term became ingrained in popular culture, despite the biological differences.
American Bison are distinctly different from true buffalo species found in Africa and Asia. A prominent physical difference is the large shoulder hump found on American Bison, which is absent in true buffalo. Bison also possess a massive head and a thick, shaggy coat, particularly noticeable in winter, and often have a beard.
Their horns are typically shorter and more pointed than the long, curved horns of water buffalo or the bossed horns of African buffalo. While true buffalo are native to Africa and Asia, bison are indigenous to North America and parts of Europe. Biologically, American Bison are more closely related to domestic cattle within the Bovinae subfamily than they are to the true buffalo genera.