Parents often feel concerned when their child feels warm, unsure if a fever is present or what steps to take. Understanding what a child’s temperature indicates and when to seek medical advice can help manage these situations clearly. This guide addresses common questions about fevers in children, promoting informed care.
Defining Fever in Children
A fever indicates an elevation in the body’s internal temperature, which is a symptom rather than a disease. The temperature considered a fever varies slightly depending on the measurement method. For rectal, ear (tympanic), or forehead (temporal artery) temperatures, 100.4°F (38°C) or higher generally signifies a fever. When measured orally, 100°F (37.8°C) or above is considered a fever. For axillary (under the arm) measurements, 99°F (37.2°C) or higher indicates a fever.
Rectal temperature is often considered the most reliable method for infants and young children. A temperature of 100.9°F, especially when measured rectally, is generally classified as a low-grade fever. While this temperature might be slightly lower if measured orally or under the arm, it still represents an elevated body temperature. Ear thermometers may not be accurate for infants under 6 months of age.
Body temperature naturally fluctuates throughout the day, lowest in the morning and slightly higher in the late afternoon or evening. Factors like exercise, excessive clothing, or warm food and drink can influence temperature readings. If uncertain about a reading, re-take the temperature after a brief period.
Managing a Child’s Fever at Home
When a child has a fever but does not require immediate medical attention, several steps can provide comfort. Hydration is important, as fevers can lead to fluid loss. Offer fluids like water, electrolyte solutions, or popsicles to prevent dehydration. Do not force eating, but ensure liquid intake.
Fever-reducing medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) can be given for discomfort. Acetaminophen is suitable for children over 3 months, while ibuprofen is recommended for children 6 months and older. Dosage is determined by the child’s weight, not age; use the provided measuring tool for accuracy. Consulting a pediatrician or pharmacist for specific dosing guidance is recommended.
Non-medication comfort measures also help manage a fever. Dressing the child in lightweight, breathable clothing and maintaining a comfortable room temperature prevent overheating. While rest is beneficial, it is not necessary for a child to stay in bed. The primary goal of home management is to alleviate discomfort, not to normalize the temperature.
When to Call a Doctor for Fever
Knowing when to seek professional medical advice for a child’s fever is important. Seek immediate medical attention if an infant younger than 3 months has a rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher, as this can indicate a serious infection in newborns.
For children of any age, several signs and symptoms accompanying a fever warrant medical attention. These include a fever higher than 104°F (40°C). Other symptoms include difficulty breathing, a stiff neck, a new rash, or signs of dehydration such as decreased urination, lack of tears, or reduced alertness and activity.
The duration of the fever is a factor. Contact a doctor if a fever lasts more than 24 hours in a child younger than 2, or more than 72 hours (3 days) in children 2 and older. If the child has an underlying health condition like cancer or sickle cell disease, any fever warrants a call to their healthcare provider. Also, if the child appears very sick, is difficult to arouse, or does not improve after medication, medical evaluation is advised.
Understanding Fever and Dispelling Myths
Fever is a natural and often beneficial response by the body to fight infection. When an infection occurs, the body’s immune system elevates the temperature, creating an environment less favorable for pathogens like viruses and bacteria. This elevation in temperature also enhances immune cell function, helping the body combat illness effectively.
Despite its protective role, common misconceptions about fever cause anxiety for parents. A common myth is that fever itself can cause brain damage. Unless temperatures reach extremely high levels, typically above 106°F (41°C), fever does not cause brain damage. The body’s internal thermostat prevents temperatures from rising to dangerous extremes.
Another belief is that all fevers must be lowered to a normal temperature with medication. However, the goal of fever-reducing medication is to provide comfort to the child, not to normalize the temperature. Fevers only decrease by a degree or two with medication, which is sufficient to alleviate discomfort. Many fevers are caused by common viral infections, and they resolve on their own within a few days.