Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the Candida yeast, a microorganism naturally present in the body. This yeast commonly resides on the skin, in the mouth, and in the gastrointestinal and genital tracts without causing issues. An infection, often called a yeast infection, occurs when the balance of the body’s natural flora is disrupted, allowing the Candida to multiply excessively.
The Likelihood of Transmission
Sexual transmission of a yeast infection from a female partner to a male partner is possible. Candidiasis is not classified as a traditional sexually transmitted infection (STI) because Candida is part of the body’s normal microflora. However, sexual contact can introduce a higher concentration of the yeast into the male genital area, potentially leading to an infection.
Approximately 15% of men who have unprotected sexual contact with an infected female partner will develop symptoms. Factors increasing susceptibility include having an uncircumcised penis, which creates a warm, moist environment where the fungus thrives. Friction during intercourse can also create micro-tears, providing an easier entry point for the yeast. Additionally, a compromised immune system or underlying conditions like diabetes increase the likelihood of developing the infection following exposure.
What Candidiasis Looks Like in Men
When a male partner develops a yeast infection, the condition is often referred to as penile candidiasis or balanitis. Visual symptoms include redness, a blotchy rash, and swelling, particularly around the head of the penis and under the foreskin. Small, shiny, white patches or pustules may also appear on the skin.
Sensory symptoms typically involve intense itching, burning, and irritation of the affected area. Some men may also notice a thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge accumulating under the foreskin. Pain during urination or discomfort during sexual intercourse are other signs. In some cases, symptoms may be very mild or absent, making identification challenging without a partner’s diagnosis.
Treatment and Strategies for Prevention
Treatment
Treatment for male candidiasis is usually straightforward and involves antifungal medications to eliminate the yeast overgrowth. Topical antifungal creams or ointments, such as miconazole or clotrimazole, are widely available over-the-counter and applied directly to the affected area for several days. For more severe or persistent cases, a doctor may prescribe an oral antifungal medication, such as fluconazole, which works systemically.
It is important for both partners to seek treatment simultaneously, even if the male partner is asymptomatic, to prevent a cycle of reinfection known as the “ping-pong” effect. This prevents the infection from being passed back and forth. Medical advice should be sought if symptoms do not clear up within a week of using over-the-counter treatments.
Prevention
Preventative measures focus on controlling the warm, moist environment where the Candida fungus flourishes. Maintaining good hygiene is important, which means washing the genital area daily with gentle soap and water, and ensuring the area is dried completely afterward. Uncircumcised men should carefully retract the foreskin to clean the area underneath, as this is a common site for yeast accumulation.
Wearing loose-fitting, breathable underwear, such as cotton, helps keep the area dry and reduces moisture buildup. Avoiding harsh soaps, scented products, or excessive use of powder helps maintain the natural balance of skin flora. Using an external condom during sexual activity with a partner who has an active yeast infection can reduce the risk of transmission.