Post-void dribbling (PVD), also known as post-micturition dribble (PMD), is the leakage of a few drops of urine shortly after urination has concluded. While often an inconvenience, it is generally a minor issue. This common phenomenon affects a significant portion of the population, particularly men over 40.
Understanding Post-Void Dribbling
Post-void dribbling occurs when urine remaining in the urethra after bladder emptying subsequently leaks out. Normally, urethral muscles contract to expel all urine, but sometimes a small amount pools and escapes when moving or standing, typically within minutes. This differs from other forms of urinary incontinence, such as stress incontinence (leakage during coughing or sneezing) or urge incontinence (leakage due to a sudden, strong urge), as it specifically happens after urination is seemingly complete.
Common Causes
Post-void dribbling often results from urine pooling temporarily in the urethra. In men, urine can collect in the bulbar urethra, a segment at the base of the penis. This can happen if the bulbocavernosus muscle, which helps expel urine, does not contract effectively. An enlarged prostate, common as men age, can also partially obstruct the urethra, leading to incomplete bladder emptying. Weakness in the pelvic floor muscles is another contributing factor, as these muscles support the bladder and urethra for complete emptying.
For women, weakened pelvic floor muscles are a frequent cause, often resulting from childbirth. Childbirth can stretch or injure these muscles and supporting tissues, potentially leading to increased urethral mobility and reduced support. Other general factors for both sexes include improper voiding techniques, such as rushing urination, which may prevent complete emptying. Certain medications can affect bladder function, and age-related changes in muscle tone can also play a role.
When to Seek Professional Advice
While post-void dribbling is often a benign issue, consult a healthcare professional if it is new, worsens over time, or significantly impacts daily activities. It is also important to see a doctor if the dribbling is accompanied by other symptoms, such as pain or burning during urination, blood in the urine, or persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining a urine stream. These additional symptoms could indicate a more serious condition requiring medical evaluation.
Management and Prevention Strategies
Several practical strategies can help manage or reduce post-void dribbling. For men, “urethral milking” involves gently applying pressure along the underside of the penis, from base to tip, to manually expel remaining urine. For both men and women, pelvic floor exercises, known as Kegels, strengthen muscles supporting the bladder and urethra, improving control and helping to fully empty the urethra. These exercises involve contracting and relaxing the muscles used to stop urine flow.
Lifestyle adjustments also contribute to better bladder health. Maintaining a healthy weight reduces pressure on the bladder and pelvic floor. Avoiding bladder irritants like carbonated drinks, caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods can minimize irritation and improve urinary control. Adequate hydration is important, as concentrated urine can irritate the bladder. Establishing a regular voiding schedule and taking enough time to fully empty the bladder can also be beneficial.