Hypoglycemia shock is a severe, life-threatening complication arising from dangerously low blood sugar levels. Also known as insulin shock, this condition occurs when the body’s glucose supply becomes insufficient to fuel its functions, particularly the brain. Recognizing and responding to this medical emergency is important.
Causes of Hypoglycemia Shock
Hypoglycemia shock often stems from an imbalance between insulin or certain diabetes medications and the body’s glucose needs. Administering too much insulin or specific oral diabetes medications, such as sulfonylureas or meglitinides, can lead to a significant drop in blood sugar. Missing meals, delaying food intake, or eating less than planned, especially after taking medication, also contributes to this decline.
Increased physical activity without adjusting food or medication can also deplete glucose stores, causing blood sugar to fall to unsafe levels. Excessive alcohol consumption is another common trigger, as it can hinder the body’s ability to produce glucose, sometimes causing delayed hypoglycemia hours later. Less common causes include severe underlying conditions like kidney or liver failure, sepsis, or certain tumors, which can lead to hypoglycemia due to impaired glucose production or increased utilization.
Recognizing the Signs
The symptoms of hypoglycemia appear quickly and can progress in severity. Mild symptoms include shakiness, sweating, hunger, dizziness, and a rapid heartbeat. Individuals may also experience nervousness, nausea, or weakness. These early indicators serve as warnings to take immediate action.
As blood sugar levels drop, moderate symptoms include confusion, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and blurred or double vision. A person may also exhibit mood swings, slurred speech, or clumsiness. Recognizing these moderate signs is important to prevent further deterioration.
When blood sugar drops to severely low levels, symptoms become life-threatening. These severe signs include loss of consciousness, seizures, or an inability to swallow. Without prompt intervention, severe hypoglycemia can result in a coma, brain damage, or even death. Some individuals, particularly those with long-standing diabetes, may experience “hypoglycemia unawareness,” where they do not notice early symptoms until their blood glucose is dangerously low.
Emergency Response
Immediate action is necessary when someone is experiencing hypoglycemia. If the individual is conscious and able to swallow, provide 15 to 20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates. Examples include:
Glucose tablets or gel
4 ounces of fruit juice
6 ounces of regular soda
A tablespoon of honey
A tablespoon of table sugar
After 15 minutes, blood sugar levels should be rechecked. If still below 70 mg/dL, another 15 to 20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates should be consumed.
For an unconscious person, or someone unable to eat or drink safely, do not attempt to give them food or liquid due to the risk of choking. Instead, call emergency services immediately. If a glucagon emergency kit is available and you are trained in its use, administer it as directed. Glucagon, a hormone, works by signaling the liver to release stored glucose. Once administered, the person regains consciousness within 5 to 15 minutes; stay with them until medical help arrives or they fully recover.
Preventing Future Episodes
Preventing future episodes of hypoglycemia involves consistent management and awareness. Regular blood sugar monitoring, using either a blood glucose meter or a continuous glucose monitor, helps individuals stay aware of their levels and take preventive steps. Adhering to medication schedules and dosages, including the correct timing of insulin with meals, is also important.
Maintaining consistent meal times and ensuring adequate carbohydrate intake are important strategies. When engaging in physical activity, it is necessary to adjust medication dosages or consume extra carbohydrates to account for increased glucose utilization. Educating family, friends, and close contacts about the signs of hypoglycemia and the appropriate emergency response can be life-saving. Wearing medical identification can alert others to the condition in an emergency.