The human skull contains several air-filled cavities known as sinuses, which are connected to the nasal passages. These hollow spaces contribute to various bodily functions. Understanding their structure and purpose helps understand why they can cause discomfort.
Understanding Sinus Anatomy and Purpose
Four main pairs of paranasal sinuses are named for their location: frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. These cavities are lined with a mucous membrane producing mucus and tiny hair-like cilia. The mucus traps airborne particles, and the cilia help move this mucus towards the throat to be swallowed.
The frontal sinuses are situated in the forehead, above the eyebrows. Below them, within the cheekbones, are the maxillary sinuses, the largest of the paranasal sinuses, shaped like pyramids. Between the eyes, behind the bridge of the nose, are the ethmoid sinuses, which consist of multiple small air cells. The sphenoid sinuses are the deepest, located in the butterfly-shaped sphenoid bone behind the upper nasal cavity.
Beyond their role in mucus production and drainage, sinuses serve several other functions. They help to lighten the weight of the skull, which would otherwise be heavier. These air-filled spaces also contribute to the resonance of the voice, influencing its sound. Sinuses humidify and warm inhaled air before it reaches the lungs. They also offer protection by absorbing impact during head injuries.
Common Sinus Ailments
Sinuses can become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions like sinusitis. Acute sinusitis involves inflammation of the sinus tissues that lasts less than four weeks. It is most frequently caused by viral infections, such as the common cold, but bacterial infections can also develop. Symptoms include a stuffy or blocked nose, thick yellow or green nasal discharge, and pain or pressure around the eyes, cheeks, nose, or forehead. Other symptoms include headache, toothache, ear pain, a reduced sense of smell and taste, and bad breath.
Chronic sinusitis, in contrast, is characterized by symptoms and inflammation lasting 12 weeks or longer, even with treatment. It can stem from various factors including bacterial infections, allergies, or structural issues within the nasal passages. Symptoms of chronic sinusitis are similar to acute forms but tend to be milder yet more prolonged, including nasal obstruction, thick nasal discharge, facial pain, and a decreased sense of smell.
Other conditions can worsen sinus problems. Nasal polyps are soft, noncancerous growths that can form in the lining of the nose or sinuses, linked to inflammation from allergies, asthma, or recurrent infections. When large or numerous, these polyps can block nasal passages and sinus drainage pathways, leading to symptoms like a stuffy or runny nose, reduced sense of smell and taste, and frequent sinus infections. A deviated septum, a common condition where the wall separating the nasal cavities is off-center, can impede normal sinus drainage, leading to mucus buildup and increased infection risk. This obstruction can lead to persistent nasal congestion, facial pain, and recurring sinus infections.
Approaches to Sinus Care
Managing common sinus issues often begins with non-prescription remedies. Staying well-hydrated by drinking fluids helps to thin mucus, making it easier to drain from the sinuses. Breathing in warm, moist air can also provide relief; this can be achieved by taking hot showers, inhaling steam from a bowl of warm water, or using a humidifier to add moisture to the air. Applying warm, wet compresses to the face, particularly over the nose and forehead, can help reduce swelling and discomfort.
Nasal saline rinses effectively flush out excess mucus and irritants from the nasal passages. This practice helps keep the mucous membranes moist and supports the function of cilia.
Over-the-counter medications offer temporary relief. Oral decongestants work by narrowing blood vessels to reduce swelling and congestion in the nasal passages. Decongestant nasal sprays provide rapid relief but should only be used for a short period, 3 to 5 days, to avoid rebound congestion. Pain relievers can help manage facial pain and headaches associated with sinus pressure.
Medical intervention is necessary if symptoms persist or worsen. If symptoms like nasal congestion, headache, and facial pain persist beyond 7 to 10 days, or worsen after initial improvement, consult a healthcare provider. A fever lasting more than 3 to 4 days also requires consultation.
For bacterial sinus infections, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Prescription nasal sprays, often containing steroids, can reduce inflammation and swelling in the nasal passages. Preventative measures include frequent handwashing, avoiding known allergens and irritants like smoke and pollution, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.