Human parechovirus (HPeV) is a common viral infection, often causing mild illness, particularly in young children. First identified in 1956, HPeV was previously known as echoviruses 22 and 23. While many infections are mild or asymptomatic, some strains can lead to more severe conditions.
Understanding How Human Parechovirus Spreads
Human parechovirus is highly contagious and primarily spreads from person to person. Transmission occurs through contact with respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can also spread through contact with saliva or nasal discharges.
The fecal-oral route is another mode of transmission, involving contact with an infected person’s feces. This can happen directly or indirectly by touching contaminated surfaces.
While anyone can become infected, infants under three months of age and young children are most susceptible to severe illness due to their developing immune systems. Older children and adults can also contract HPeV but experience milder symptoms or remain asymptomatic. The virus can shed from the respiratory tract for up to three weeks and from gastrointestinal secretions for up to six months, allowing for transmission from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.
Recognizing Parechovirus Symptoms
HPeV symptoms can vary widely, ranging from no symptoms at all to severe manifestations. Many individuals, especially adults, experience mild, common cold-like symptoms such as fever, runny nose, and cough. Gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea and vomiting, along with a rash, are also common.
In infants and young children, symptoms can escalate quickly and include more concerning signs. These may involve a high fever (38°C or above), increased irritability, extreme lethargy, and poor feeding. Rapid breathing, a widespread rash, and a distended abdomen are additional indicators of potential severe illness.
More serious manifestations in infants can include abnormal movements, such as jerking, and seizure-like activity. Seek immediate medical attention if a newborn or young infant exhibits any of these severe signs, especially if their condition changes rapidly.
Diagnosis and Management of Parechovirus
Diagnosis of HPeV is often based on a clinical assessment of the symptoms and signs presented. However, laboratory tests can confirm the infection, particularly in cases where the illness is severe. These tests may include PCR testing of samples such as blood, stool, or cerebrospinal fluid.
There is no specific antiviral treatment available for HPeV, so management focuses on supportive care to alleviate symptoms. Supportive measures include reducing fever with appropriate medications, ensuring adequate hydration, and promoting rest. For infants or children with severe symptoms, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and more intensive supportive care.
Most children, even those requiring hospitalization, recover within a few days with supportive treatment. If a child appears drowsy, floppy, or is difficult to wake, immediate medical help should be sought.
Preventing Parechovirus Infection
Preventing the spread of HPeV primarily involves practicing good hygiene. Frequent handwashing with soap and water is recommended, especially after changing diapers or using the restroom, and before eating. If soap and water are not available, alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be used.
Avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick can also help reduce transmission risk. This includes refraining from sharing eating utensils, cups, or drinks. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces, such as countertops, toys, and doorknobs, further minimizes the virus’s spread. There is currently no vaccine available to prevent HPeV infection.