Cottonmouths, also known as water moccasins, are venomous snakes native to the southeastern United States. Understanding these semi-aquatic reptiles’ characteristics and behaviors helps ensure public safety. Recognizing their presence and knowing how to react if an encounter occurs can help prevent serious incidents.
Understanding Cottonmouth Venom
Cottonmouths possess hemotoxic venom, which affects blood and tissues. When injected, this venom breaks down blood cells and can hinder the blood’s ability to clot, leading to internal bleeding and tissue damage. Bites cause immediate, intense burning pain and rapid swelling around the wound. Discoloration of the skin and blistering are also common symptoms.
The severity of a cottonmouth bite can vary depending on several factors, including the amount of venom injected. Some bites, referred to as “dry bites,” may not involve any venom injection, but all suspected bites require medical evaluation. The bite’s location, the victim’s age and overall health, and the snake’s size also influence the outcome. While fatalities from cottonmouth bites are rare, potential consequences include temporary or permanent tissue and muscle damage, and in severe cases, the loss of an affected limb.
Identifying Cottonmouths
Identifying cottonmouths is a step in avoiding bites, as they are often confused with non-venomous water snakes. Cottonmouths have a thick, muscular body, ranging from 30 to 48 inches in length, and a triangular-shaped head that is broader than their neck. Their pupils are vertical, resembling a cat’s, and they possess heat-sensing pits located between their eyes and nostrils.
Their coloration can vary from dark brown or black to olive, often with darker crossbands that may become less distinct with age. A behavioral characteristic is their defensive display, where they coil their body and open their mouth wide to reveal the white interior, which gives them their “cottonmouth” name. Unlike non-venomous water snakes that swim with their heads at the water’s surface, cottonmouths swim with their entire body afloat, holding their head at an angle of 45 degrees.
Responding to a Bite
If bitten by a cottonmouth, call emergency services (911 in the U.S.) immediately. Stay calm and move away from the snake to prevent further bites. Remove any jewelry or tight clothing from the bitten limb, as swelling will occur rapidly.
Keep the bitten limb still and position it at or below heart level to help slow the spread of venom. Gently wash the wound with soap and water, then cover it with a clean, dry dressing. Avoid actions such as cutting the wound, attempting to suck out the venom, applying ice, or using a tourniquet, as these can cause more harm than good and are not effective. Antivenom, administered by medical professionals, is the only effective treatment for envenomation and should be given as soon as possible to halt tissue damage.
Preventing Encounters
Minimizing the risk of encountering cottonmouths involves understanding their habitats and taking precautions. These snakes are semi-aquatic and found near bodies of water such as swamps, marshes, ponds, lakes, and slow-moving streams. They bask on logs, rocks, or branches near the water’s edge.
When in areas where cottonmouths might be present, wear protective footwear and long pants. Avoid reaching into or stepping over dark, unseen spaces like dense vegetation, rock piles, or logs where snakes might hide. Keep yards and properties clear of debris, tall grasses, and wood piles, as these provide hiding spots for snakes and their prey. Never attempt to handle, provoke, or kill a snake, as this increases the risk of a bite.