A splint is an external medical device designed to immobilize an injured part of the body to promote healing and reduce pain. Unlike a cast, a splint is generally non-circumferential, meaning it does not wrap completely around the limb, making it adjustable and often temporary. This design allows for swelling that typically occurs following an acute injury, which helps prevent complications like restricted blood flow. Splints are frequently used for sprains, certain fractures, or to stabilize an injury before a definitive treatment like a cast or surgery can be applied.
Proper Application and Fit
Proper application ensures both stabilization and comfort for the injured area. Position the limb in an anatomically neutral or functional position, which supports the body part in a way that is least stressful for the joints and soft tissues. For example, a wrist splint is often applied to maintain a slight extension to optimize hand function.
The splint is typically secured with straps, wraps, or hook-and-loop fasteners that must be fastened firmly enough to prevent movement of the injured bone or joint. However, the securing material should never be so tight that it restricts circulation, which can cause tissue damage. A simple test is ensuring one or two fingers can comfortably slide beneath the straps or padding.
As initial swelling decreases, the fit of the splint may change, requiring careful adjustment or re-application. Signs of a poor fit include pinching, rubbing, or excessive movement of the injured limb within the splint. If the splint feels loose, gently tighten the straps to restore stability, but if it causes new pressure points or pain, it needs professional assessment.
Daily Care and Maintenance
Maintaining a splint requires diligence to ensure skin integrity and device functionality. Keep the splint completely dry, especially if it is made of plaster or fiberglass with padding. Moisture can weaken the splint material and also cause the underlying skin padding to break down, leading to irritation, maceration, and a heightened risk of infection.
When showering or bathing, the splint must be protected by covering it securely with two layers of plastic bags taped at the edges or by using a specialized waterproof cover. If a splint does get damp, a hair dryer set to the cool or fan-only setting can be used to gently blow air into the area to aid drying. Never use heat, as this can cause burns or warp the splint’s shape.
Avoid sticking any object inside the splint to scratch itching skin, as this can cause cuts or displace padding. Instead, try tapping lightly on the outside of the splint or directing a stream of cool air from a hair dryer into the opening. Inspect the skin around the edges of the splint daily for any signs of redness, chafing, or blistering, which may indicate pressure points.
Identifying Problems and When to Seek Medical Attention
Monitoring the injured limb for signs of neurovascular compromise is essential while wearing a splint. A change in sensation, circulation, or movement signals an issue requiring immediate medical attention. Be aware of the “Four P’s” of complications:
- Pain
- Pallor (pale or blue skin color)
- Paresthesia (numbness or tingling)
- Pulselessness (a cold extremity)
Any pain that increases, feels like a burning sensation, or is not relieved by prescribed medication should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. Other concerning symptoms include excessive swelling of the fingers or toes that does not decrease after elevating the limb above the heart for an hour. These signs may indicate that the splint is now too tight due to swelling, potentially restricting blood flow or nerve function.
Look for signs that the splint itself is failing, such as cracks, breaks, or a persistent foul smell or discharge. If the splint becomes wet and cannot be dried, or if the padding shifts and exposes the hard material, it should be checked promptly. Minor edge irritation can sometimes be managed by padding the edge with moleskin, but any significant concern warrants a call to your doctor.