Common mullein, known botanically as Verbascum thapsus, is a widely recognized biennial plant often seen growing along roadsides and in disturbed soils. This plant is easily identified by its large, soft, flannel-like leaves and its dramatic, tall flower spike that appears in its second year of growth. This guide provides practical instructions for preparing the plant’s leaves and flowers for use in teas, tinctures, and topical oils.
Identifying and Handling Mullein Material
The leaves, flowers, and sometimes the root of the mullein plant are used in herbal preparations. The large, gray-green leaves are harvested primarily in the first year of growth when they form a basal rosette close to the ground. Mullein flowers, which are small and yellow, are typically harvested in the second year as they appear sporadically up the tall stalk. It is best to harvest flowers after the morning dew has dried to prevent mold during the drying process.
The leaves and flowers are covered in dense, fine hairs called trichomes, which give the plant its characteristic velvety texture. These trichomes can cause mechanical irritation to the throat and digestive tract if ingested. Therefore, all preparations intended for internal consumption must be meticulously strained or filtered. Raw plant material must be thoroughly dried in a dark, well-ventilated area before being stored in airtight containers.
Methods for Internal Consumption
The most common internal preparation is mullein tea, or infusion, which is traditionally used to address respiratory discomfort. To prepare a standard infusion, use about one to two teaspoons of dried, cut, and sifted mullein leaf for every eight ounces of boiling water. The mixture should be allowed to steep for ten to twenty minutes to fully extract the beneficial compounds.
The most important step in preparing the tea is the final straining process to ensure all the irritating trichomes are removed. Simply using a standard mesh strainer is not sufficient for this purpose. The liquid must be poured through a fine filter, such as a double layer of cheesecloth, a coffee filter, or a fine-weave muslin cloth. This extra step prevents the fine hairs from causing an uncomfortable sensation in the throat.
A mullein tincture is a concentrated liquid extract that uses alcohol as a solvent to draw out the plant’s properties. To create a tincture, fill a clean glass jar about three-quarters full with dried or fresh mullein leaves and flowers. The plant material should then be fully submerged in a neutral spirit, such as a vodka or brandy that is 80 to 100 proof.
The jar must be sealed and labeled with the contents and date, then stored in a cool, dark location for a minimum of one month for the maceration process. During this time, the jar should be shaken periodically to mix the contents and ensure proper extraction. After the designated period, the liquid is strained through a fine filter to remove the spent plant matter and any trichomes before being bottled for long-term storage.
Methods for External Application
Mullein-infused oil is frequently prepared using the flowers and is applied externally, often for ear discomfort. To make the oil, the small yellow flowers should be allowed to wilt for a few hours after picking to reduce moisture content. Excess water can lead to rancidity in the finished oil, so using dried flowers is a simpler alternative to ensure the oil remains stable.
For a solar infusion, pack a glass jar with the flowers and cover them completely with a carrier oil, such as olive oil. The jar is then sealed and placed in a sunny location for six to eight weeks. A faster method involves gently heating the flowers and oil in a double boiler for two to four hours, ensuring the temperature remains low to avoid damaging the oil or the plant compounds.
Regardless of the infusion method, the resulting oil must be strained meticulously through cheesecloth or a fine filter to remove all particles. Store the finished, clear oil in a clean, dark glass dropper bottle in a cool place.
A poultice is another external application, involving the direct application of softened plant material to the skin. To prepare a poultice from fresh leaves, a leaf is crushed or kneaded until the juices begin to emerge, which allows the properties to be released. This softened leaf is then applied to the desired area and held in place with a bandage.
When using dried mullein leaves for a poultice, the material is first ground into a fine powder. A small amount of hot water is then added to the powder until a thick, uniform paste is formed. This paste is spread onto a clean cloth or gauze and applied to the skin, which is useful for covering larger surface areas.
Essential Safety Guidelines and Interactions
While mullein has a long history of use, comprehensive clinical data on dosing and safety is limited. Specific dosage recommendations for internal preparations are not standardized, so users often rely on traditional or manufacturer-suggested amounts. It is advised to start with the lowest suggested dose and monitor the body’s response.
Due to the lack of sufficient safety research, mullein should be avoided during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Furthermore, individuals with known allergies to plants in the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) should exercise caution. If any signs of allergic reaction occur, such as a rash or respiratory distress, use should be immediately discontinued.
No specific, well-documented drug interactions have been identified, but caution is warranted when combining mullein with prescription medications. If taking drugs that are metabolized by the liver’s hepatic enzymes, or any anti-inflammatory or diuretic medications, consultation with a healthcare provider is prudent.
The primary safety precaution for internal use remains the necessity of straining all teas and infusions. Failing to filter out the microscopic trichomes can lead to significant irritation and discomfort. For mullein oil intended for the ear, it should only be used if the eardrum is known to be intact, as drops should never be inserted if there is drainage or a suspected rupture.