Head lice are tiny, wingless insects that live on the human scalp, feeding on small amounts of blood. They are common, particularly among children aged 3 to 12, and can cause itching and irritation. While head lice do not transmit diseases, their presence can be bothersome. Lice shampoo offers a common and effective method for treating these infestations.
Preparing for Lice Treatment
Confirming an active infestation is important. Inspect the hair and scalp for live lice or nits (lice eggs) attached to hair shafts near the scalp. Nits are small, oval, yellowish or whitish specks firmly glued to hair, unlike dandruff. Once confirmed, gather supplies: lice shampoo, a fine-toothed nit comb, towels, a timer, and clean clothing.
Read product instructions carefully, as directions vary. Some treatments require application to dry hair, while others work best on damp hair. Perform a patch test on a small skin area (e.g., inner arm) to check for sensitivities or allergic reactions, especially if allergic to chrysanthemums or ragweed and the product contains pyrethrins. Have the individual wear old clothing or a towel to protect skin from drips.
Step-by-Step Shampoo Application
Prepare hair according to product instructions (dry or damp). For long hair, divide into sections for thorough coverage. Avoid using a combination shampoo/conditioner or a separate conditioner before applying the lice medicine, as this can reduce the treatment’s effectiveness.
Apply shampoo generously to hair and scalp, saturating all strands from roots to ends. Pay particular attention to areas behind the ears and at the nape of the neck, where lice often concentrate. Gently massage the shampoo into the scalp to distribute the product evenly. Leave on for the exact duration specified (typically 10 minutes to several hours); longer application does not improve effectiveness and may cause irritation.
After the recommended time, rinse hair thoroughly with warm water. Direct the rinse water away from the face to prevent contact with the eyes or mouth. After rinsing, put on clean clothing. Avoid washing hair with regular shampoo for one to two days post-treatment to allow the medication to continue working.
Essential Post-Application Care
After rinsing, comb out remaining lice and nits. Use the fine-toothed nit comb (often included) on damp, detangled hair. Section hair into small, one-inch-wide parts for thorough combing. Starting at the scalp, comb slowly through each section, pulling the comb all the way to the ends of the hair.
After each pass, wipe the comb clean on a paper towel or rinse in hot, soapy water to remove captured lice or nits. Continue this process until no more lice or nits are found on the comb. This meticulous combing helps remove eggs that may not have been killed by the shampoo.
Most over-the-counter lice shampoos kill live lice but not all unhatched eggs. Therefore, a second treatment is often necessary to eliminate newly hatched lice before reproduction. This re-treatment is typically recommended 7 to 10 days after the initial application, aligning with the lice life cycle to catch newly hatched nymphs.
Important Safety Considerations
Lice shampoos are generally safe when used as directed. However, they can cause mild skin irritation, itching, or a burning sensation. If these effects persist or worsen, contact a healthcare provider. Prevent shampoo contact with eyes, nose, or mouth. If accidental contact occurs, rinse the affected area thoroughly with water.
Never exceed the recommended amount or frequency; this increases side effects without enhancing effectiveness. Products have age restrictions (e.g., some permethrin lotions for 2+ months, benzyl alcohol lotion for 6+ months). Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should consult a healthcare provider before using any lice treatment. Seek medical attention immediately if a severe allergic reaction, such as a rash, swelling, or difficulty breathing, occurs.
Preventing Future Infestations
After treatment, take steps to prevent re-infestation. Lice can survive briefly off the scalp but not long without feeding. Machine wash and dry all clothing, bedding, hats, and towels used by the infested person in the two days prior to treatment. Use hot water (at least 130°F/54°C) and a high heat drying cycle for at least 20 minutes; heat kills lice and nits.
Items that cannot be washed can be dry-cleaned or sealed in a plastic bag for two weeks to suffocate lice or nits. Thoroughly vacuum floors and upholstered furniture, especially areas where the infested person spent time. Soak combs, brushes, and hair accessories in hot water (at least 130°F) for 5 to 10 minutes to eliminate lice or eggs.
Check all household members for lice; treating active infestations simultaneously prevents re-infestation. Discourage sharing personal items like combs, brushes, hats, and headphones, as these transmit lice. Regular scalp checks, particularly in children, can help detect new infestations early.