Chamomile is an herb valued for its calming properties, commonly used in soothing drinks and topical remedies. The two common varieties are German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile). While the daisy-like flowers are most recognized for tea, the entire plant, including the leaves, can be utilized. This guide explores methods for preparing and using all parts of the chamomile plant.
Understanding the Active Plant Parts
The primary focus of chamomile use has historically been the flower heads due to their higher concentration of beneficial compounds. The flowers contain volatile essential oils, including the sesquiterpenoids chamazulene and alpha-bisabolol, which contribute to the plant’s anti-inflammatory properties. Chamazulene gives the distilled essential oil a distinct blue color.
The leaves and stems contain lower concentrations of these essential oils and are less aromatic than the flowers. Although flowers are generally preferred for maximum potency, the leaves are usable, especially for a milder preparation. When using leaves primarily, a larger volume of plant material is necessary to achieve effects comparable to a flower-based preparation. Harvesting the top third of the plant, including leaves, stems, and flowers, is common practice when collecting material for tea.
Preparing Chamomile for Internal Consumption
The most common internal application for chamomile is an infusion, or herbal tea. Use approximately one tablespoon of dried material or three to four tablespoons of fresh material per eight ounces of water. If using primarily leaves, increase the amount of plant material to compensate for the lower concentration of active compounds.
Bring water to a boil, then pour it over the chamomile material in a mug or teapot. Covering the vessel prevents volatile essential oils from escaping with the steam. Allow the mixture to steep for 10 to 15 minutes to ensure maximum extraction from the leaf material, which is longer than the typical duration for flower-only tea. Strain the liquid through a fine-mesh sieve or cheesecloth before consumption.
External Applications and Compresses
Chamomile’s soothing properties make it suitable for topical use. A strong infusion can be prepared for use as a compress to address minor skin irritations or inflammation. To make a compress, steep two to three tablespoons of dried material in one cup of hot water for 15 to 20 minutes, then strain the liquid. Soak a clean cloth in the warm liquid, wring it out slightly, and apply it directly to the affected area.
For localized irritation, a poultice can be made by moistening fresh or dried plant material to create a paste. This paste is spread onto a cloth and applied to the skin, which can benefit small burns or rashes. The whole plant material can also be added to a warm bath for a full-body soak to soothe the skin. Avoid using chamomile preparations near the eyes, as this may cause irritation.
Storage and Safety Considerations
Proper drying is necessary for long-term storage of fresh chamomile material and to maintain its potency. Spread freshly harvested leaves and flowers in a thin layer on a clean surface in a dark, dry, and well-ventilated area. The material is fully dry when it feels crisp and crumbly to the touch, typically taking about two weeks when air-drying. Once completely dry, store the chamomile in an airtight container, such as a glass jar, away from direct light, heat, and humidity to preserve its essential oil content for up to one year.
While generally safe in amounts found in teas, safety considerations exist. Individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family (e.g., ragweed, marigolds, or daisies) should use caution due to potential cross-reactivity. Chamomile may interact with certain medications, including blood thinners and sedatives. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended, especially for those taking prescription drugs or who are pregnant or nursing.