A splint is a temporary device used to immobilize an injured extremity, such as a limb, finger, or toe. Its primary function is to stabilize the area and prevent movement of bone fragments or joint surfaces. By reducing motion, a properly applied splint minimizes additional soft tissue damage and lessens pain. Splinting serves as an important measure of first aid, offering immediate protection while the injured person awaits assistance or transport.
Deciding When and Why to Splint
Splinting is appropriate for suspected fractures, severe sprains, or dislocations. Before applying a splint, the scene must be assessed for safety, and severe, life-threatening bleeding must be controlled immediately, as this takes precedence. A quick check of circulation, sensation, and movement (CSM) distal to the injury is necessary to establish a baseline.
If the injury involves a bone protruding through the skin, apply the splint without attempting to push the bone back inside. If moving the limb or applying the splint causes significant pain, or if the limb is obviously deformed, stabilize it in the position it was found. Dislocations should also only be splinted in the position found. Do not use a splint if emergency medical services are only minutes away, as their specialized equipment and training are superior.
Preparing and Applying the Splint
Effective splinting requires materials for rigidity, padding, and securing ties. Rigid materials can be improvised from items such as wooden boards or rolled newspapers, while padding can come from soft cloths or towels. The splint must be long enough to extend beyond the joints above and below the injury site, which is the principle of proper immobilization.
Padding must be placed generously between the rigid splint and the limb, particularly over bony prominences like ankles and elbows, to prevent pressure injuries. The injured limb should be gently supported while the rigid materials are positioned on either side of the injury. For injuries to a finger or toe, a simple ‘buddy splint’ can be created by taping the injured digit to an uninjured one next to it, with padding in between.
To secure the splint, use strips of cloth, belts, or tape, applying them firmly but not so tightly as to compress the limb. Place ties above and below the injury site, avoiding the injury itself. The goal is to immobilize the entire section of the limb, ensuring the joints above and below the suspected fracture remain motionless.
Post-Application Care and Seeking Medical Help
Immediately after securing the splint, repeat the circulation, sensation, and movement (CSM) check to ensure the splint is not too tight. Check the color and temperature of the fingers or toes; a pale or cool extremity suggests compromised blood flow. Ask the person if they feel any numbness or tingling distal to the injury, which can indicate nerve pressure.
Repeat the CSM check every 10 to 15 minutes while awaiting medical assistance. If the distal limb becomes noticeably swollen, pale, or cool, or if the person reports increasing numbness or pain, loosen the ties immediately and recheck the CSM. Professional medical attention is mandatory for all suspected fractures, severe sprains, or dislocations. Transport the injured person to a medical facility without delay after the limb is stabilized.