Glucagon serves as an emergency treatment for severe low blood sugar, known as hypoglycemia. This guide provides clear instructions on its proper administration for individuals managing diabetes and their caregivers.
Understanding Glucagon’s Purpose
Glucagon is a natural hormone produced by the pancreas that works to raise blood glucose levels. It primarily functions by signaling the liver to release stored glucose, which is a form of sugar. This action helps to counteract the effects of too much insulin or insufficient carbohydrate intake, which can lead to severe hypoglycemia.
This often means the person is unconscious, unable to swallow, or having a seizure. Unlike insulin, which lowers blood sugar, glucagon acts to quickly elevate it, providing rapid intervention when oral carbohydrates cannot be safely given.
Administering Glucagon Step-by-Step
Before administering glucagon, locate the emergency kit and check its expiration date. Different kits exist, including those requiring mixing a powder and liquid, or pre-filled pens and nasal sprays. Familiarize yourself with the specific type on hand.
For a kit that requires mixing, begin by removing the cap from the vial containing the glucagon powder. Then, unscrew the cap from the syringe, which contains the sterile diluting liquid. Carefully insert the needle of the syringe into the rubber stopper of the powder vial.
Next, slowly push the plunger of the syringe to inject all the liquid into the powder vial. Without removing the syringe, gently swirl the vial until the powder completely dissolves and the solution becomes clear. Avoid shaking the vial vigorously, as this can damage the medication. Once dissolved, draw the entire contents of the mixed solution back into the syringe.
The injection site typically involves larger muscle areas, such as the outer thigh, upper arm, or buttock. Clean the chosen skin area with an alcohol swab if available, though in an emergency, this step may be omitted. Pinch a fold of skin at the injection site.
Insert the needle firmly and completely into the pinched skin at a 90-degree angle. Slowly push the plunger to inject all the glucagon solution. Once injected, withdraw the needle and apply gentle pressure if bleeding occurs. Afterward, safely dispose of the used syringe and vial in a sharps container or hard plastic container to prevent accidental needle sticks.
After the Injection: What to Expect and Do
After a glucagon injection, blood sugar levels should rise, and consciousness typically returns within 5 to 15 minutes. Roll the person onto their side, especially if unconscious, as nausea and vomiting can occur. This position helps prevent choking.
Once the person awakens and is able to swallow safely, immediately provide them with a fast-acting source of carbohydrates. Examples include glucose tablets, fruit juice, or regular soda. This helps to further raise blood sugar and replenish glucose stores.
Following fast-acting carbohydrates, offer a more substantial snack or meal with both carbohydrates and protein to stabilize blood sugar levels. If the person does not respond within 15 minutes, or their condition worsens, seek emergency medical attention.
Preparation and Important Considerations
Proper storage of glucagon kits ensures their effectiveness. Glucagon should be stored at room temperature and kept away from direct light.
Informing family members, friends, and coworkers about the kit’s location and how to use it is a proactive measure. Creating a personalized glucagon action plan with a healthcare provider can provide clear instructions for emergencies. Even after administration and recovery, it is advisable to contact a healthcare professional to discuss the incident.