Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced primarily by the adrenal glands, which sit above the kidneys. It functions as a precursor, meaning the body converts it into other essential hormones, including both estrogen and testosterone. DHEA is the most abundant circulating steroid in humans. Adequate levels play a role in maintaining bone density, supporting immune function, and influencing mood and energy levels in females. Production generally peaks in early adulthood before beginning a gradual, age-related decline.
Recognizing and Diagnosing Low DHEA
The symptoms associated with a decline in DHEA are often non-specific and can overlap with other hormonal imbalances, making self-diagnosis difficult. Females with low DHEA levels may notice chronic fatigue, a decrease in muscle mass, or unexplained weight gain, especially around the midsection. Low DHEA can also manifest as changes in mental well-being, such as reduced cognitive function, memory issues, or a propensity for depression or anxiety.
Since DHEA acts as a precursor to sex hormones, a decrease can also lead to symptoms like reduced libido or changes in sexual function. Decreased bone mineral density, which may increase the risk of osteoporosis, is another physical sign linked to insufficient DHEA. These symptoms should prompt a consultation with a healthcare provider to determine their underlying cause.
Diagnosis requires laboratory testing, typically involving a blood sample to measure the level of DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S). DHEA-S is the stable, sulfated form of the hormone. DHEA levels decrease with age, so a medical professional must interpret the test results in the context of the patient’s age and overall health status. A diagnosis of DHEA deficiency is made only after a physician reviews the bloodwork and considers the patient’s complete symptom profile.
Medical Management Through Supplementation
For clinically low DHEA levels, the medical approach involves DHEA supplements. Because DHEA is a prohormone that converts into both androgens and estrogens, medical oversight is mandatory to manage its effects safely. The goal of supplementation is to restore DHEA-S levels to a range considered healthy for an individual’s specific circumstances, not necessarily to youthful levels.
Dosages for females are low compared to what is seen in other populations. Starting doses for women are typically between 5 milligrams and 25 milligrams daily, though some clinical studies use up to 50 milligrams daily. A lower starting dose allows the body to adjust and helps mitigate the risk of androgenic side effects.
The conversion of DHEA into other sex hormones means that taking too much can lead to side effects, particularly in women sensitive to androgens. These effects can include the development of acne, increased oiliness of the skin, or hirsutism (excess body hair growth). Mood changes, such as increased irritability or aggression, are also potential side effects of over-supplementation.
Continuous monitoring requires repeat blood tests to ensure levels remain within a safe and therapeutic range. Adjusting the dosage is a gradual process guided by laboratory results and the patient’s clinical response to treatment. This individualized and monitored approach is important, as DHEA has the potential to alter the levels of various other hormones in the body.
Lifestyle Factors Supporting DHEA Production
While medical supplementation addresses clinical deficiency, several lifestyle adjustments can support DHEA production and overall adrenal function. Since the adrenal glands produce DHEA, protecting them from excessive demands is important. Chronic stress is a significant factor in DHEA depletion because the body prioritizes the production of the stress hormone cortisol, often at the expense of DHEA.
Implementing effective stress management techniques, such as mindfulness, meditation, or ensuring 7 to 9 hours of quality sleep nightly, can help reduce the chronic demand on the adrenal glands. Adequate sleep is particularly important because hormone production follows circadian rhythms, and disruption can negatively affect DHEA levels.
Movement is also a powerful tool, but the type of exercise matters for DHEA optimization. Moderate, regular activity, including resistance training and brisk walking, can stimulate hormone production and help maintain a healthy weight, which is beneficial for hormonal balance. Conversely, excessive, high-intensity training can sometimes place too much stress on the body and potentially suppress DHEA levels.
Dietary choices support the adrenal glands by providing the necessary building blocks for hormone synthesis. Consuming a nutrient-dense diet rich in healthy fats is beneficial, as fats serve as precursors for steroid hormones. Specific nutrients such as B vitamins, magnesium, and antioxidants help protect the adrenal glands from oxidative stress and support their function. Limiting refined sugars and excessive caffeine can also help stabilize adrenal health.