Photokeratitis, commonly known as flash burn, is a temporary yet often painful eye condition resulting from unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This condition is essentially a sunburn that affects the surface of the eye, specifically the cornea and conjunctiva. While it can cause significant discomfort, photokeratitis typically resolves on its own as the eye’s surface heals. The primary concern is managing symptoms and preventing complications while the eyes recover.
Understanding Flash Burn
Flash burn occurs when the eyes are exposed to intense UV rays. Common causes include welding arcs, often termed “welder’s flash” or “arc eye,” due to the high-intensity UV light emitted. Natural sources include prolonged direct sunlight or reflections from highly reflective surfaces like snow, ice, sand, and water, leading to “snow blindness.” Artificial sources like sunlamps, tanning beds, and certain high-intensity light bulbs also pose a risk if proper eye protection is not used.
Symptoms typically manifest several hours after exposure, often between 6 to 12 hours, and can affect both eyes. Individuals may experience pain, a gritty sensation as if sand is in the eye, and increased tearing. Other common signs include redness, blurred vision, swelling of the eyelids, and significant sensitivity to light, known as photophobia. Headaches, seeing halos around lights, and small pupils can also occur.
Immediate Relief Measures
For immediate relief from flash burn symptoms, several self-care steps can be taken at home. Move to a dark room or dim the lights to reduce light sensitivity and allow the eyes to rest. Applying cool compresses or a cold, damp washcloth over closed eyelids can help soothe discomfort and reduce swelling. Avoid rubbing the eyes, as this can increase irritation and potentially worsen the condition. If contact lenses are worn, remove them immediately and do not reinsert them until the eyes have fully healed.
Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help manage the pain. Artificial tears, available without a prescription, can also provide lubrication and alleviate the gritty sensation. These measures manage symptoms while the eye naturally repairs itself, usually within 24 to 72 hours.
When to Seek Medical Care
While many cases of flash burn resolve with home care, certain signs indicate the need for professional medical attention. If severe eye pain persists or worsens despite home remedies, consult a doctor. Worsening vision or symptoms that do not show improvement after 24 to 48 hours also warrant medical evaluation.
Additional indicators include any discharge from the eye, which could signal an infection. If there is a suspicion that a foreign body might be lodged in the eye, or if the burn resulted from exposure to chemicals or an unusually high-intensity UV source, immediate medical consultation is necessary.
Professional Treatment and Prevention
A medical professional may offer specific treatments to aid healing and prevent complications. They might prescribe antibiotic eye drops or ointment to prevent bacterial infections, as the damaged corneal surface is more susceptible. Cycloplegic eye drops may also be used to relax eye muscles, which can reduce pain and promote healing. For severe pain, stronger pain medication might be prescribed. In some instances, a temporary eye patch may be recommended to protect the eye, though this is not always necessary.
Prevention is important to avoid future incidents of flash burn. Use appropriate protective eyewear. This includes welding helmets with the correct shade filters for welding activities and high-quality sunglasses that block 99% to 100% of both UVA and UVB rays when outdoors. For highly reflective environments like snow or water, wraparound sunglasses or snow goggles with 100% UV protection are recommended.