Tearing a nail is a common and uncomfortable injury. It can range from a minor snag to significant damage involving the nail bed. Understanding how to properly address a torn nail is important for managing discomfort, promoting healing, and preventing complications.
Immediate Care for a Torn Nail
When a nail tears, first manage any bleeding. Apply direct, gentle pressure to the injured area with a clean cloth or gauze for about 10 minutes. If the nail is partially detached, gently trim away any part no longer connected to the skin using sterile scissors or clippers to prevent further snagging. Smooth any remaining sharp edges with a nail file or emery board.
After controlling bleeding and trimming, thoroughly clean the wound with soap and warm water. Avoid scrubbing vigorously. Once clean and dry, apply a thin layer of petroleum jelly over the torn area to keep it moist and promote healing. Cover the wound with a non-stick bandage or gauze secured with medical tape. Change this dressing daily, or whenever it becomes wet or dirty, reapplying petroleum jelly each time.
Soaking the affected finger or toe in a solution of warm salt water (one teaspoon of salt per four cups of water) for 20 minutes, two to three times daily for the first three days, can also help prevent infection.
When to Seek Professional Medical Attention
While many torn nails can be managed at home, some situations require professional medical attention. Seek immediate medical care if bleeding does not stop after 10 minutes of direct pressure. Signs of infection, such as increasing heat, redness, pain, tenderness, swelling, or pus around the nail, require a visit to a healthcare provider. A red streak extending from the wound is another indicator of potential infection.
Professional attention is also needed for significant damage to the nail bed, the soft tissue beneath the nail. This includes injuries where the nail is completely torn off, or if the tear extends deep into the skin. Discoloration or a bruise under the nail covering more than a quarter, or persistent, intense pain, suggests a more serious injury. If the finger or toe appears deformed, indicating a possible fracture or dislocation, or if you are unable to move the digit normally, medical assessment is required.
Nail Protection During Healing and Future Prevention
Protecting the injured nail during healing is important. Continue to keep the area clean and dry, changing the protective dressing daily to prevent infection. Elevating the injured hand or foot above heart level, especially during the first few days, can help reduce swelling and throbbing pain. Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can also help manage discomfort and inflammation. A torn nail will not reattach; a new nail will grow in its place, taking approximately six months or longer for fingernails and up to 18 months for toenails.
To prevent future nail tears and maintain overall nail health, use proper trimming techniques. Trim nails straight across, gently rounding the corners slightly to prevent snagging and ingrown nails. Softening nails by soaking them in warm water before trimming makes them easier to cut. Avoiding the use of nails as tools reduces the risk of breakage.
Minimizing prolonged water exposure by wearing gloves helps prevent nails from becoming weak and brittle. Regular moisturization of hands and nails keeps them flexible and less prone to splitting.