A dislocated knee is a severe injury requiring immediate medical attention. It involves the displacement of the major bones forming the knee joint. Understanding this injury, its first aid, medical interventions, and rehabilitation is essential due to potential complications. Proper treatment is crucial for a good outcome and to prevent long-term issues.
Understanding a Dislocated Knee
A dislocated knee, medically termed a tibiofemoral dislocation, occurs when the shinbone (tibia) loses alignment with the thighbone (femur) at the knee joint. This is a more serious injury than a dislocated kneecap (patellar dislocation), which only involves the patella. Tibiofemoral dislocations are rare, typically resulting from high-impact trauma like car accidents, significant falls, or forceful sports injuries.
The force involved often damages the surrounding ligaments that stabilize the joint. Symptoms include severe pain, visible deformity, rapid swelling, and inability to bear weight. A popping sound may also occur at the time of injury.
Immediate First Aid
If a knee dislocation is suspected, immediately call emergency medical services. While waiting for help, do not attempt to manipulate or “pop” the knee back into place, as this can cause further damage to nerves, blood vessels, or tissues.
Instead, focus on gently immobilizing the injured limb where it lies, using available materials like rolled blankets or clothing to provide support above and below the knee. Applying ice wrapped in a cloth to the swollen area can help reduce swelling and pain, but avoid direct skin contact with ice. Elevating the leg, if possible, can also assist in managing swelling.
Medical Interventions
Upon arrival at a medical facility, the immediate priority for a dislocated knee is reduction, which involves realigning the tibia and femur. This procedure is often performed under sedation or anesthesia to minimize pain and muscle resistance. After the knee is reduced, a thorough assessment for associated injuries is conducted due to the high risk of damage to ligaments, nerves, and especially blood vessels like the popliteal artery. Promptly addressing vascular injury is crucial.
Immobilization methods, such as bracing or casting, are used post-reduction to stabilize the joint and promote initial healing. Pain management, often involving prescription medication, is also important. Surgical intervention is frequently necessary for significant ligament tears causing instability, or if nerve or vascular damage requires repair. Ligament repair or reconstruction, often for multiple ligaments, restores the knee’s stability.
Rehabilitation and Recovery
Recovery from a dislocated knee is a gradual process, extending over several months and relying on a structured rehabilitation program. Physical therapy plays a central role, focusing on restoring the knee’s full range of motion, improving muscle strength, and enhancing joint stability. Therapists guide patients through specific exercises designed to progressively load the knee and rebuild supporting musculature around the joint.
Adherence to prescribed rehabilitation exercises is crucial to preventing long-term complications like chronic instability or stiffness. Returning to normal activities typically ranges from several weeks for initial mobility to three to four months for sports, with full recovery often taking longer depending on injury severity and surgical repairs. Continued diligence in strength and conditioning is important for long-term joint health and to minimize future dislocations.