A concussion is a brain injury caused by a sudden bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body. This impact makes the brain move rapidly inside the skull, temporarily affecting its normal function. Though often considered a mild injury, it is still a traumatic brain injury (TBI) that requires attention. Children’s developing brains are particularly vulnerable. Their brains are not fully myelinated, and weaker neck muscles can lead to greater brain movement during impact. Recognizing signs and ensuring proper management are crucial for their ongoing brain development and recovery.
Recognizing the Signs of Concussion
Identifying a concussion in a child involves observing various signs and symptoms.
Physical indicators include headaches, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, balance problems, blurred or double vision, light or noise sensitivity, or ringing in the ears.
Cognitive changes are common, such as difficulty concentrating, memory issues, or confusion. A child might seem sluggish, dazed, or respond slowly.
Emotional symptoms can include irritability, anxiety, or unusual sadness. Sleep patterns may be disrupted, leading to excessive drowsiness or trouble falling asleep.
Symptoms might not appear immediately; they can develop hours or even days later.
Immediate Steps for Parents
If a concussion is suspected, immediate action is important. Remove the child from any ongoing activity, especially sports, to prevent further injury. Closely observe their behavior and symptoms, as these can evolve. Monitor for worsening symptoms and avoid activities like strenuous physical exertion or excessive screen time. While observing, ask simple questions to gauge their cognitive state, such as their name or the date.
Certain “red flag” symptoms necessitate immediate emergency medical attention:
Loss of consciousness
Worsening headache
Repeated vomiting
Seizures
Significant changes in behavior or alertness
Clear fluid or blood from the nose or ears
Weakness or numbness in the limbs
Professional Medical Diagnosis and Assessment
When a child is taken to a healthcare professional for a suspected concussion, diagnosis involves a thorough assessment, not just imaging. Doctors perform a neurological examination to check reflexes, coordination, and balance, and may also assess eye movement and pupil reaction. Cognitive function tests evaluate memory, concentration, and processing speed. The provider also gathers a detailed history of the injury and symptoms. Imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs are generally not used to diagnose a concussion, as they don’t show the microscopic brain changes. Instead, these scans rule out more serious injuries, such as bleeding or swelling.
Ongoing Monitoring and Recovery Considerations
Following an initial assessment or diagnosis, ongoing monitoring is crucial for concussion management. Cognitive and physical rest are key components of recovery, meaning a temporary reduction in activities that require significant mental or physical exertion. A gradual return-to-activity process is recommended, starting with light cognitive activity before progressing to physical exertion. This structured approach helps prevent symptom recurrence and allows the brain to heal properly. Regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers are important to guide this process, ensuring a safe return to school, sports, and other activities.