Cedar and pine are two of the most widely used North American softwoods in construction and woodworking. Both materials come from coniferous trees, but they possess distinct properties. Accurate identification is necessary for specific projects, as the choice determines factors like the longevity of outdoor decking versus the stability required for interior framing. Distinguishing between the two woods involves examining sensory characteristics, analyzing physical structure as lumber, and recognizing the biological features of the living trees.
Identification by Scent and Color
The most immediate difference between the two woods is the scent, caused by their unique chemical compositions. Cedar, especially Western Red Cedar, contains natural aromatic oils that give it a distinct, earthy, and balsamic fragrance. This lingering aroma is a result of the wood’s natural defense compounds, which also contribute to its decay resistance. Pine, in contrast, has a milder, often sweeter, resinous scent that comes from its high sap content.
Visually, cedar heartwood typically ranges from a rich reddish-brown to a pinkish-red hue, which can weather to a silvery-gray patina if left untreated outdoors. Pine lumber is generally much paler, often appearing creamy white or light yellow. Cedar typically displays a straight, fine texture, while pine has a medium texture with a straight or occasionally wavy grain.
Structural Differences in Lumber
When comparing milled lumber, physical properties reveal significant differences in structural capability and durability. Pine is generally denser and heavier than cedar, with density ranging widely depending on the species. This higher density makes certain pines, like Southern Yellow Pine, structurally strong and a common choice for load-bearing applications. Cedar is considerably lighter and more porous, averaging around 21 pounds per cubic foot, which provides natural insulation properties.
The difference in structure affects durability. The aromatic oils in cedar grant it natural resistance to moisture, rot, and insect damage, making it a preferred material for decks and siding without chemical treatment. Pine has little natural resistance and requires chemical pressure-treating for any outdoor application. Pine often features larger, more prominent knots that can sometimes be loose, while cedar knots are typically smaller and remain tighter within the fine-textured grain, and cedar is notably softer and easier to dent compared to pine.
Differentiating the Growing Trees
Identifying the source tree requires focusing on foliage, bark, and cones. Pine trees (genus Pinus) are easily recognized by their long, slender needles, which always grow in tight clusters called fascicles. Many North American “cedars,” such as those in the Thuja or Juniperus genera, have very different foliage consisting of short, flat, overlapping scales arranged in flattened sprays.
Bark
The bark on the two types of trees provides a reliable distinction. Pine bark is typically thick, deeply furrowed, and often appears plated or scaly. Cedar bark, particularly on mature trees, is often much more shaggy, stringy, and fibrous, sometimes peeling off in long vertical strips.
Cones
Cones offer a final point of separation. Pine trees produce the familiar, woody, and traditional cones that hang downward. In contrast, true cedar cones are smaller, often barrel-shaped, grow upright on the branches, and tend to disintegrate when they ripen.