Eye sunburn, medically known as photokeratitis, is a temporary condition affecting the surface of the eye. It is a burn to the eye’s outer layers, specifically the cornea and conjunctiva, resulting from excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. This exposure can come from natural sources like the sun or artificial sources such as welding arcs, tanning beds, or medical lights.
Identifying Eye Sunburn
Symptoms of photokeratitis do not appear immediately after UV exposure, developing several hours later. The severity of symptoms can depend on the duration and intensity of UV light exposure. A primary symptom is pain, which can vary from mild irritation to severe discomfort, sometimes described as a gritty sensation, as if sand is in the eyes.
The eyes may become red, swollen, and watery. Individuals experience heightened sensitivity to light, known as photophobia, and vision can become blurred. Eyelid twitching can also occur. These symptoms can affect one or both eyes, making it difficult to open them in some severe cases.
Addressing Eye Sunburn
If eye sunburn is suspected, immediately move indoors and avoid further UV light exposure. If contact lenses are worn, they should be removed. Applying cool compresses over closed eyes can help alleviate discomfort and reduce inflammation.
Using artificial tears or lubricating eye drops can provide moisture and soothe the eyes, especially if a gritty sensation is present. Avoid rubbing the eyes, as this can cause further irritation. While photokeratitis resolves on its own within 24 to 48 hours, seek medical attention if symptoms are severe, do not improve, or if there is significant vision impairment or pain lasting more than two days. A doctor might recommend oral pain relievers or prescribe antibiotic eye drops if there is concern for infection.
Preventing Eye Sunburn
Preventing eye sunburn requires shielding the eyes from harmful UV radiation. Wearing sunglasses that block 99-100% of both UVA and UVB rays is recommended for outdoor activities. Look for labels indicating UV400 or “100% UV protection” to ensure adequate coverage. Wrap-around styles or those with side panels offer enhanced protection by blocking more peripheral UV rays.
Protective eyewear is also important in specific high-risk environments. This includes wearing snow goggles in snowy areas, as UV rays reflect strongly off snow and ice, a condition sometimes called “snow blindness.” Similarly, eye protection is necessary near water or during activities like welding. UV radiation can penetrate cloud cover, so eye protection is necessary even on cloudy days.