A concussion is a type of brain injury resulting from a sudden jolt or blow to the head or body that causes the brain to move rapidly within the skull. This motion can temporarily disrupt normal brain function by stretching brain cells and causing chemical changes. Infants are particularly susceptible to concussions due to their disproportionately large heads, still-developing neck muscles, and softer, thinner skulls, which make them more prone to head injuries from falls. Identifying a concussion in an infant presents a distinct challenge because they cannot verbally communicate their symptoms. Instead, caregivers must rely on observing subtle changes in their physical state and behavior to recognize potential signs of injury.
Immediate Signs of Concussion
Physical and behavioral changes appear very soon after an infant sustains a head injury. One observable sign is a dazed appearance or changes in their typical alertness and responsiveness. Some infants might experience a brief loss of consciousness immediately following the impact. Repeated vomiting is another significant indicator.
Infants may also exhibit increased irritability or excessive, inconsolable crying that differs from their usual fussiness. Changes in their sleep patterns, such as unusual sleepiness or difficulty waking them, can also be immediate red flags. A noticeable change in feeding habits, such as refusing to nurse or eat, may signal a problem.
Subtle or Delayed Symptoms
Concussion symptoms in infants can develop hours or even a few days after a head injury. Parents should monitor for persistent changes in sleep patterns, such as sleeping significantly more or less than usual, or difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
An infant might also become unusually difficult to comfort, exhibiting increased clinginess or unusual fussiness that cannot be easily soothed. Sensitivity to light or sound is another subtle sign, where the infant may react negatively to bright lights or loud noises by crying or showing discomfort. Changes in feeding habits, like a sudden loss of appetite, refusing to nurse, or demonstrating poor sucking ability, can also indicate an issue. In some instances, a regression in previously acquired developmental milestones, such as changes in crawling or walking patterns, might be observed.
When to Seek Urgent Medical Help
Certain signs after an infant’s head injury require immediate medical attention. Seek emergency care if the infant experiences seizures or convulsions, which may manifest as repetitive body movements or staring spells. Persistent or repeated vomiting is a significant red flag. Any obvious head trauma, such as a large bump, a soft spot, or a depression in the skull, should prompt an urgent medical evaluation.
Fluid or blood leaking from the ears or nose also requires immediate medical attention. Observe the infant’s eyes for unequal pupil size. Difficulty breathing or any loss of consciousness means emergency services should be contacted. If the infant is unusually difficult to wake up or remains inconsolably crying, seek professional medical advice without delay.
Medical Evaluation for Infant Concussion
When a concussion is suspected in an infant, a medical evaluation typically begins with the healthcare provider gathering a detailed history of the injury event and any observed symptoms. A physical examination will follow, which includes a comprehensive neurological assessment. During the neurological assessment, the doctor checks various aspects of the infant’s nervous system function, including vision, hearing, strength, sensation, balance, coordination, reflexes, and mental status. The specific components of this exam may vary depending on the infant’s age and developmental stage.
Imaging tests, such as Computed Tomography (CT) scans or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), are not routinely used to diagnose a concussion itself, as it involves microscopic cellular changes often not visible on these scans. However, CT scans may be performed in specific situations if there are signs of a skull fracture, repeated vomiting, seizures, or other indicators of a more serious brain injury like bleeding or swelling. Doctors carefully weigh the risks of radiation exposure, especially in young children, against the potential benefits of identifying severe structural damage. MRI might be considered for more detailed views if symptoms persist or worsen, or to rule out other complications.