A tooth infection, commonly referred to as a dental abscess, occurs when bacteria invade the innermost part of the tooth’s pulp, which contains nerves and blood vessels. This invasion is typically a result of untreated tooth decay, a crack, or advanced gum disease. The body’s immune response leads to the formation of an abscess—a pocket of pus—at the root tip (periapical) or in the surrounding gum tissue (periodontal). A dental abscess will not resolve on its own and requires professional treatment. Ignoring an infected tooth allows bacteria to multiply, potentially causing the infection to spread beyond the jawbone, which can lead to serious health complications.
Recognizing Distinctive Pain Signals
The most immediate indicator of an infected tooth is a severe, persistent, throbbing toothache. This constant, deep sensation results from pressure building up within the inflamed tissues. The discomfort can radiate outward, extending to the jawbone, ear, or neck on the same side as the affected tooth.
The tooth may also develop a heightened sensitivity to temperature changes. Pain caused by hot drinks or cold air may linger after the stimulus is removed. Eating can become painful, with sharp discomfort occurring when pressure is applied to the tooth during chewing or biting.
If the abscess ruptures and drains, the severe, throbbing pain may suddenly subside. This relief is only temporary, however, as the underlying bacterial infection remains active and requires immediate attention from a dental professional.
Visual and Physical Changes Within the Mouth
Inspection of the gums around the painful tooth can reveal localized signs of an abscess. Swelling of the gum tissue is common, often appearing red and feeling tender to the touch. This swelling is the accumulation of inflammatory fluid and pus near the infection site.
A distinct sign of a draining abscess is a small, pimple-like bump on the gum, known as a fistula or parulis. This bump acts as a channel for pus to drain from the infection deep within the root area into the mouth. If it bursts, it releases a foul discharge, causing a persistent bad odor or taste.
The infected tooth itself may become noticeably darker or discolored compared to surrounding teeth. This darkening occurs if the infection has killed the nerves and blood vessels within the pulp chamber. As the infection compromises the supporting bone structure, the tooth might also begin to feel loose or mobile in its socket.
Systemic Indicators of Advanced Infection
When a dental infection is left untreated, bacteria can enter the bloodstream, leading to systemic indicators. The body’s response often includes a fever, which signals the immune system is fighting the circulating bacteria. Malaise, fatigue, and chills also suggest the infection is affecting the entire body.
The infection’s spread may be visible through swelling that extends beyond the gum line to the face, cheek, or jaw. Swollen and tender lymph nodes, particularly those under the jaw or in the neck, are another sign of infection. These nodes become enlarged as they trap bacteria.
Severe facial or neck swelling, especially if it progresses rapidly, is a serious, potentially life-threatening complication. Symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, trouble fully opening the mouth, or impaired breathing suggest the infection is dangerously close to the airway (Ludwig’s angina). These signs demand immediate emergency medical attention.
Essential Immediate Actions
If you suspect an infected tooth, contact a dentist immediately to schedule an emergency appointment. A dental professional must evaluate the tooth, confirm the diagnosis, and initiate treatment to eliminate the infection. Delaying care risks the infection worsening and spreading.
While awaiting treatment, manage pain with over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Avoid placing aspirin directly onto the aching gum or tooth, as this can cause a burn on the soft tissue. Gently rinsing the mouth several times a day with warm salt water can also offer temporary relief.
Never attempt to pop, puncture, or drain the abscess yourself, as this can introduce new bacteria or force the infection deeper into the tissue. While a dentist may prescribe antibiotics to control the spread of bacteria, antibiotics alone do not cure the underlying problem. The tooth requires definitive treatment, such as a root canal or extraction, to fully remove the source of the infection.