Toads are common amphibians; some possess potent toxins. Identifying potentially toxic toads is important for human and pet safety.
Key Visual Indicators of Toad Toxicity
Identifying toxic toads involves observing specific physical characteristics. The most prominent indicator is parotoid glands, large, raised structures behind the toad’s eyes. These kidney-shaped or oval glands are a primary source of defensive secretions.
Toxic toads frequently have warty or bumpy skin. Pronounced warts combined with large parotoid glands can indicate higher toxicity. Size can also be a general indicator, as some highly toxic species, like the cane toad, can grow quite large.
Coloration and patterns are less reliable indicators. Toxic toads may be brown, olive green, or gray, sometimes with dark spots. However, color is not a definitive sign of toxicity, as it varies widely even within the same species.
Understanding Toad Toxins and Their Release
Toads are poisonous due to specialized bufotoxins, synthesized and stored in skin glands, primarily the parotoid glands. Bufotoxin composition varies by species, often including bufadienolides (affecting the heart) and tryptamines (with neurological effects).
Toads release toxins passively, not by injection. When threatened or handled, they secrete a milky, irritating substance from their glands. This defensive secretion deters predators. Exposure occurs when this substance contacts mucous membranes (mouth, eyes, open wounds) or is ingested.
Recognizing Exposure: Symptoms and Immediate Actions
Symptoms of toad toxin exposure vary. For pets, common signs include excessive drooling, foaming at the mouth, pawing at the face, and red or irritated gums. Vomiting, loss of coordination, tremors, and seizures can develop rapidly. Severe cases may involve heart rate changes, irregular rhythms, collapse, or difficulty breathing, requiring urgent veterinary care.
If a pet contacts a toad, immediately rinse their mouth with a damp cloth or gentle water stream. Wipe gums and tongue carefully, avoiding forceful hosing to prevent aspiration. After initial decontamination, seek prompt veterinary attention if symptoms persist or worsen.
For humans, skin contact typically causes localized irritation (redness, itching, burning). If toxins enter the eyes, pain, redness, excessive tearing, and temporary blurred vision can occur. Ingesting toxins, though less common, can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and mouth irritation. More severe systemic effects, including irregular heartbeat or neurological symptoms like dizziness or confusion, are possible but rare.
For human exposure, flush affected skin or eyes immediately with copious running water for 15-20 minutes. If ingestion is suspected, or if symptoms extend beyond mild irritation to include cardiac or neurological effects, seek prompt medical attention and contact poison control. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after any contact with toads.