The staghorn fern, belonging to the genus Platycerium, is a distinctive plant recognized for its impressive, antler-shaped fronds and unique growth habit. These ferns are classified as epiphytes, meaning they naturally grow upon other objects, such as tree trunks or branches, rather than rooting in the soil. This epiphytic nature dictates a specific set of care requirements, as they derive moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and debris accumulated on their support structure. Successfully cultivating this unusual and striking fern requires understanding its unique growth habit.
Creating the Ideal Habitat
Staghorn ferns flourish in conditions that mimic the warm, humid, and shaded understory of their native tropical and subtropical rainforests. They require bright, indirect light to thrive, such as that provided by a north or east-facing window indoors. Direct sunlight should be avoided because it can quickly scorch the fronds and damage the protective coating on their surface.
An ambient temperature range between 60 to 80°F is optimal for consistent growth. They are sensitive to cold and must be protected from temperatures dropping below 50°F, as well as from cold drafts. High humidity, ideally maintained at 60% or higher, is necessary. Placing the mounted fern near a humidifier or on a pebble tray filled with water can help create this microclimate.
Watering and Nutritional Requirements
The soaking technique is the most effective watering method for mounted staghorn ferns. This involves removing the entire mounted plant and submerging the root ball and mounting material in room-temperature water for 10 to 20 minutes until saturated. The planting medium should be allowed to dry slightly between waterings, as overwatering can lead to rot.
Soak the fern about once a week during the warmer, active growing season. Reduce this frequency to once every two to three weeks in the cooler, dormant winter months. Staghorn ferns are light feeders and benefit from a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer, diluted to half or quarter strength. Apply fertilizer monthly during the spring and summer, targeting the base of the plant or incorporating it into the watering soak.
Mounting and Structural Support
Staghorn ferns must be secured to a vertical support structure to mimic their natural growth on tree bark, as traditional potting soil is unsuitable and causes root rot. Common mounting materials include rot-resistant wooden boards, cork bark, or wire baskets.
To secure the fern, the root ball is placed on the mount, cushioned by a layer of moisture-retentive material, most often sphagnum moss. The plant is then firmly attached using fishing line, wire, or non-corrosive fasteners. Staghorn ferns produce small offshoots, known as “pups,” which can be left to form a larger colony. Pups can also be separated with a sharp, sterile knife once they have developed their own shield frond for propagation.
Understanding Frond Types and Growth
The staghorn fern produces two distinct frond types, each serving a separate function. The fertile or foliar frond is the large, green, forked structure that gives the plant its antler-like appearance. These fronds are responsible for photosynthesis and reproduction, with spore-producing structures (sporangia) forming on their underside.
The sterile or shield frond is a rounded, plate-like structure that grows flat against the mounting surface. These fronds initially appear green but eventually turn brown, dry out, and become papery with age. The hard shield fronds protect the roots, anchor the plant, and collect debris and water for nutrition. These protective shield fronds should never be removed, as they are integral to the fern’s survival.