Sneezing, or sternutation, is a powerful, involuntary protective reflex intended to forcefully expel irritants from the nasal passages. This rapid expulsion clears the respiratory tract of foreign particles, such as dust, allergens, or pathogens. The reflex involves a deep inhalation followed by a high-velocity burst of air through the nose and mouth.
Quick Techniques to Halt an Imminent Sneeze
When a sneeze is felt approaching, interrupt the reflex arc before the full motor response is triggered. Applying firm, localized pressure to specific facial points creates a conflicting sensory signal that can override the initial urge. Press a finger firmly against the philtrum, the vertical groove beneath the nose and above the upper lip.
This pressure technique sends a strong signal via facial nerves, distracting the central nervous system from the sneeze command. A similar interruption is achieved by pinching the nostrils shut just above the flare of the nose, while simultaneously exhaling through the mouth. Another distraction technique is pressing the tongue hard against the roof of the mouth or the back of the front teeth as the initial tickle begins.
Disrupting the initial inhalation phase can also be successful. When the urge is felt, take a slow, deep breath in through the nose and hold it for several seconds to disrupt the pre-sneeze breathing pattern. These interventions confuse the brain’s “sneeze center” and prevent the muscle contractions required for expulsion.
The Physiology of the Sneeze Reflex
The mechanical process of sneezing begins when sensory receptors in the nasal mucosa detect an irritant, such as dust or chemical compounds. These stimuli activate specialized neurons, and the signal travels along the primary afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V) towards the brainstem.
This sensory information converges in the medulla oblongata, specifically targeting the Sneeze Evoking Zone (SEZ). The SEZ acts as the central integration point, processing the signal and, upon reaching a threshold, triggering the motor phase of the reflex. It then coordinates a rapid sequence of muscle contractions throughout the chest, abdomen, and throat.
The full sequence involves eye closure, deep inspiration, and then a forceful, explosive expiration against a temporarily closed glottis. The sudden opening of the vocal cords releases pressurized air at a high velocity, effectively expelling the irritant from the nasal cavity.
Managing Environmental and Physiological Triggers
Reducing the frequency of sneezing requires managing the environmental irritants that initiate the reflex. Common triggers include airborne allergens like pollen, pet dander, and mold spores, along with chemical irritants such as strong perfumes or cleaning product fumes. Using a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter in indoor spaces helps remove these microscopic particles, reducing mucosal irritation.
For chronic sneezing, regular nasal irrigation with a saline solution flushes out accumulated irritants and excess mucus. Maintaining indoor humidity levels below 50% is also recommended to inhibit the growth of dust mites and mold. This approach minimizes the sensory input that activates the trigeminal nerve pathway.
A unique physiological cause is the photic sneeze reflex, also known as Autosomal Dominant Compelling Helio-Ophthalmic Outburst (ACHOO) syndrome, which affects up to 35% of the population. This reflex is triggered not by irritants, but by a sudden change in light intensity, such as moving into bright sunlight. Individuals with this inherited trait can manage it by wearing sunglasses or a hat to shield their eyes.