Ringing, buzzing, or hissing in the ears, known as acute tinnitus, is a common symptom associated with upper respiratory illnesses like the common cold. This temporary condition is a side effect of the congestion and inflammation the cold generates, not the virus itself. This type of tinnitus is short-lived, resolving as the body recovers and the congestion clears.
Why Colds Cause Ear Ringing
Cold-related ear ringing results from the body’s reaction to the virus and the resulting pressure imbalance in the middle ear. The middle ear connects to the throat and nasal cavity via the Eustachian tube, a narrow channel that equalizes air pressure and drains fluid. During a cold, the mucous membranes lining the nose and throat become inflamed and swollen.
This swelling and the production of excess mucus can clog the opening of the Eustachian tube, preventing its pressure-regulation function. When the tube is blocked, the air pressure in the middle ear cannot equalize with the outside environment, leading to a feeling of fullness or “clogged” ears. This dysfunction, often called Eustachian tube dysfunction, can also cause fluid to build up behind the eardrum, known as middle ear effusion.
The altered pressure and fluid in the middle ear space disrupt the auditory system, causing the temporary perception of phantom sounds, or tinnitus. Inflammation and fluid accumulation may also temporarily affect the inner ear structures, contributing to the ringing sensation. As cold symptoms subside and the congestion clears, the Eustachian tube reopens and the pressure balances, leading to the resolution of the ringing.
Home Remedies and Over-the-Counter Solutions
Relieving cold-related tinnitus focuses primarily on reducing nasal congestion and promoting the opening of the Eustachian tubes. One common approach involves over-the-counter oral decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine. This medication works by causing the blood vessels in the nasal passages to constrict, reducing swelling and allowing more air to pass through to the Eustachian tube opening.
Though they can be effective for short-term relief, oral decongestants may have side effects and can sometimes worsen existing tinnitus in individuals sensitive to stimulants. Topical nasal sprays containing decongestants like oxymetazoline quickly reduce nasal swelling but should not be used for more than three to seven days. Overuse of these sprays can lead to rhinitis medicamentosa (rebound congestion), which prolongs the symptoms they are meant to treat.
Pressure equalization techniques mechanically force the Eustachian tubes open. Simple maneuvers like deliberate yawning or repeatedly swallowing activate the muscles that help the tubes open. Chewing gum or sucking on hard candy promotes frequent swallowing, which may also offer relief by encouraging the tubes to open more often.
For a more direct method, the gentle Valsalva maneuver can be performed by pinching the nostrils closed, keeping the mouth shut, and gently attempting to exhale. This action increases pressure in the back of the nose and throat, pushing air into the middle ear to equalize the pressure. It is important to exhale very gently to avoid damaging the eardrum or ear structures.
Moisture and heat help thin mucus and reduce inflammation. Using a humidifier, especially while sleeping, adds moisture to the air and soothes irritated mucous membranes. Steam inhalation from a hot shower or a bowl of hot water loosens thick mucus in the nasal passages, relieving pressure on the Eustachian tubes. NSAIDs like ibuprofen may also help by reducing generalized inflammation associated with the cold virus.
Knowing When to See a Doctor
While cold-related ear ringing is typically temporary, certain symptoms warrant a prompt medical evaluation to rule out a complication like a secondary ear infection. One clear sign to seek professional care is if the tinnitus persists significantly longer than the other cold symptoms. If the ringing continues for more than one or two weeks after the cold has otherwise resolved, it suggests the congestion or fluid buildup may not be clearing on its own.
Medical attention is necessary if the ringing is accompanied by severe ear pain, which could indicate a middle ear infection (otitis media) requiring prescription treatment. Other concerning signs include fluid or pus draining from the ear canal, a high fever unresponsive to over-the-counter medication, or a sudden loss of hearing. Experiencing dizziness or loss of balance (vertigo) alongside the ear ringing suggests deeper inner ear involvement.