Gum recession occurs when the gum tissue surrounding the teeth wears away or pulls back, exposing more of the tooth or its root. This common dental issue can lead to increased sensitivity, an altered appearance where teeth look longer, and other oral health problems. Addressing receding gums is important for maintaining overall dental well-being.
What Causes Gums to Recede
Gum recession can stem from a variety of factors, often a combination of them. Aggressive tooth brushing, using harsh scrubbing or a hard-bristled toothbrush, can physically damage gum tissue and tooth enamel over time.
Periodontal disease, a bacterial infection that destroys gum tissue and supporting bone, is a primary contributor to gum recession. As the infection progresses, it creates pockets between the teeth and gum line, fostering further bacterial buildup and leading to the gradual loss of tissue and bone that support the teeth. Some individuals have a genetic predisposition, making them more susceptible to thin gum tissue or gum disease.
Poor oral hygiene, characterized by inadequate brushing and flossing, allows plaque and tartar (hardened plaque) to accumulate on and between teeth. This buildup irritates the gums, leading to inflammation and ultimately recession. Hormonal changes, particularly in women during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can increase gum sensitivity and vulnerability to recession.
Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, impairs blood flow to the gums and can lead to sticky plaque that is difficult to remove, contributing to recession. Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism) can place excessive force on the teeth and supporting structures, potentially causing gums to recede. Misaligned teeth or bite problems can also exert undue pressure on gum tissue, leading to its wear. Body piercings in the lip or tongue can rub against the gums, causing irritation and gradual tissue wear.
Steps to Prevent Gum Recession
Preventing gum recession involves adopting diligent oral hygiene practices and certain lifestyle adjustments. Brushing teeth thoroughly twice a day with a soft-bristled toothbrush, using gentle circular motions, effectively cleans teeth without damaging gum tissue.
Daily flossing is important, as it removes food particles and plaque from between teeth and beneath the gum line, areas a toothbrush cannot reach. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings, typically every six months, allow dentists to remove hardened tartar and detect early signs of gum problems.
For those experiencing tooth sensitivity due to exposed roots, using a desensitizing toothpaste can help alleviate discomfort. Quitting tobacco products significantly improves gum health, as smoking and chewing tobacco are known risk factors for gum disease and recession. If teeth grinding is an issue, wearing a custom-fitted nightguard during sleep can protect teeth and gums from the forces of bruxism.
Maintaining a balanced diet supports overall health, including gum health, by strengthening the immune system against infections. When misaligned teeth contribute to recession, orthodontic treatment may be recommended to properly align teeth and reduce pressure on gums. Addressing these factors proactively can help prevent further gum recession.
Dental Treatments for Receding Gums
When gum recession has already occurred, various dental treatments can help address the condition and prevent further progression. One common non-surgical approach is scaling and root planing, a deep cleaning procedure that removes plaque and tartar buildup from tooth surfaces, both above and below the gum line. This process also smooths the exposed root surfaces, making it harder for bacteria to reattach. Antibiotics, either oral or applied directly under the gums, may also be used to eliminate harmful bacteria associated with gum disease.
For more significant recession, surgical interventions may be necessary. Gum grafting procedures involve transplanting healthy gum tissue to the areas where recession has occurred. A common type is a connective tissue graft, where tissue is taken from under a flap on the roof of the mouth and stitched to the gum tissue around the exposed root, primarily to cover exposed roots and blend well with existing gums. Another option is a free gingival graft, which uses a thin layer of tissue taken directly from the palate to thicken existing gum tissue and prevent further recession. Sometimes, if enough gum tissue is available near the affected tooth, a pedicle graft can be performed, where tissue is moved over without being completely detached.
If bone loss has occurred due to recession, regeneration procedures might be recommended. This involves folding back gum tissue, removing bacteria, and then applying regenerative materials such as membranes, graft tissue, or tissue-stimulating proteins to encourage the natural regrowth of bone and tissue. Orthodontic treatment can correct misaligned teeth that contribute to gum recession, as proper alignment can reduce undue pressure on gums. Restorative dentistry options like dental bonding can cover exposed root surfaces with tooth-colored composite resin, helping to reduce sensitivity and improve aesthetics. In cases of extensive gum loss, removable gum veneers made of acrylic or silicone can artificially replace the missing tissue.
Managing Gum Recession and Seeking Care
Recognizing the symptoms of gum recession early is important for effective management and intervention. Signs can include:
Increased tooth sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods.
Teeth appearing longer than usual.
A visible notch or groove at the gum line.
Tenderness and bleeding gums.
Healthy gums are typically pink and firm; changes in texture or color, such as redness or swelling, can also indicate a problem.
Regular dental visits are important for monitoring gum health and enabling early intervention. Dentists can often detect gum recession before an individual notices symptoms, as the process tends to occur gradually. Discussing any concerns about gum health with a dentist allows for a proper diagnosis and the development of a personalized treatment plan.
In many cases, a general dentist can manage mild to moderate recession. However, for more advanced or complex situations, a periodontist, a dental specialist focusing on gum health and diseases, may be recommended. While gum tissue does not naturally grow back on its own once it has receded, various treatments can restore lost tissue or, at minimum, prevent further recession and protect the exposed tooth roots. Early detection and professional guidance are key to managing gum recession and preserving oral health.