Dental bleeding is a common occurrence that can range from a minor irritation caused by aggressive brushing to a more significant concern following a surgical procedure. Understanding the correct steps for immediate care and recognizing when a persistent issue requires professional attention is important. This guide provides clear, actionable information to help manage acute bleeding and address underlying causes of chronic gum irritation.
First Aid for Minor Mouth Injuries
Bleeding from small cuts inside the mouth, such as those from accidentally biting the cheek or lip, or from brushing too vigorously, can often appear dramatic because the tissue has a rich blood supply. The primary step in managing minor bleeding is the application of firm, direct pressure. Use a clean gauze pad or a damp cloth and press it directly onto the injury site for at least 10 to 15 minutes without interruption, which allows the body’s clotting process to begin effectively.
To further slow the flow of blood, elevate the head and apply a cold compress, such as an ice pack wrapped in a cloth, to the external cheek near the injury. The cold temperature causes the blood vessels to constrict, reducing the amount of blood flow to the area. Avoid rinsing or spitting immediately after the injury, as this action can physically dislodge any forming blood clot, which would restart the bleeding process. If the gauze becomes soaked, place a fresh piece on top of the original material rather than removing the first piece, which might pull the forming clot away.
Specific Care Following Extractions or Surgery
Bleeding following a tooth extraction or minor gum surgery requires a specific approach focused on preserving the newly formed blood clot, which is the foundation of healing. The dentist will typically place a sterile gauze pad directly over the extraction site; you must bite down on this firmly and continuously for 30 to 45 minutes. This sustained pressure helps stabilize the initial blood clot within the socket.
If the bleeding continues after you have changed the initial gauze pads, a moistened black tea bag can be used as a substitute. Black tea contains tannic acid, which acts as a vasoconstrictor, helping to shrink blood vessels and promote clotting. Dampen a black tea bag with cool water, squeeze out the excess liquid, and bite down on it gently but firmly over the surgical site for 20 to 30 minutes.
Protecting the blood clot is paramount to prevent the painful complication known as “dry socket,” where the clot is lost and the underlying bone is exposed. For at least 24 hours post-surgery, avoid activities that create suction in the mouth, such as smoking, spitting, or drinking through a straw. Strenuous physical activity and consuming overly hot liquids should also be avoided, as these can increase blood pressure and dislodge the protective clot.
Identifying Causes of Gum Bleeding
When bleeding occurs frequently during routine activities like brushing or flossing, it is often a sign of an underlying chronic issue rather than an acute injury. The most common cause is the buildup of plaque along the gumline, which leads to gingivitis, the earliest stage of gum disease. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that, when not removed through daily cleaning, irritates the gum tissue, causing inflammation and easy bleeding.
If gingivitis is left untreated, the inflammation can progress to periodontitis, a more advanced form of gum disease where the gums pull away from the tooth, creating pockets susceptible to infection and more severe bleeding. Consistent, proper oral hygiene—brushing twice daily with a soft-bristled brush and flossing once a day—is the primary preventative measure. Regular professional cleanings are also necessary to remove hardened plaque, known as tartar, which cannot be removed by brushing alone.
Systemic factors can also contribute to gum bleeding, even in the presence of good oral hygiene. Hormonal fluctuations, such as those experienced during pregnancy, can make gums more sensitive to plaque bacteria. Certain medications, particularly blood thinners, naturally increase the tendency for bleeding. Underlying health conditions like diabetes, vitamin deficiencies (specifically Vitamin C or K), and blood disorders can also manifest as chronic gum bleeding, requiring medical management beyond dental care.
When to Call Your Dentist or Emergency Services
While minor bleeding is manageable at home, it is important to know when a situation warrants professional medical or dental attention. If you are applying continuous, firm pressure with gauze and the bleeding continues heavily (soaking through every 15 minutes) for longer than four hours, contact your dentist. This type of persistent, uncontrolled bleeding may indicate a complication with clotting or a larger vascular issue at the injury site.
Other symptoms signal a need for urgent care. Seek immediate professional assessment if you develop signs of infection, such as fever, swelling that worsens after the first 48 hours, or a foul taste and odor that may signal a dry socket. Any symptoms of significant blood loss, including sudden weakness or dizziness, should prompt a call to emergency services. Always contact your dentist first for guidance, but go to an emergency room if the bleeding is severe or if you experience systemic symptoms.