Sneezing (sternutation) is a rapid, involuntary reflex that forcefully expels air from the lungs, typically in response to an irritant in the nasal passages. This abrupt bodily function often results in a loud noise that can be disruptive or cause embarrassment in quiet settings. Understanding the mechanics of this reflex is the first step toward managing its volume. This article provides practical, safe techniques to reduce the sound of a sneeze without resorting to dangerous suppression methods.
The Anatomy of a Sneeze
The sound of a sneeze results from the immense physiological force generated to clear the upper respiratory system. The reflex begins with a deep inhalation, followed by the contraction of the chest, abdominal muscles, and the diaphragm. This coordinated effort rapidly builds high pressure within the lungs and airways.
The air is then forcefully released through the nose and mouth in a sudden burst. This powerful expulsion can propel air and mucus droplets at speeds reaching up to 100 miles per hour (160 kilometers per hour). The volume of the sneeze is the sound of this pressurized air escaping the respiratory system at high velocity.
Practical Techniques for Reducing Sneeze Volume
The safest way to quiet a sneeze is to reduce the sound volume after the expulsion reflex has begun, rather than trying to stop the reflex entirely.
Muffling the Sound
One effective method involves using a soft material to absorb the sound immediately upon release. Sneezing into a thick handkerchief or a folded tissue held firmly over the nose and mouth can significantly muffle the explosive sound.
Controlling Airflow
Another technique is to gently control the air release by slightly adjusting the jaw and mouth position. Clenching the teeth and jaw slightly while ensuring the lips remain slightly parted helps suppress the sound without fully blocking the airway. This allows the pressure to escape gradually instead of in a single, loud burst.
Pre-Sneeze Adjustments
When you feel the initial urge to sneeze, consciously try to exhale slowly before the reflex fully takes over. Releasing some air pressure early can lessen the intensity of the final expulsion. Also, avoid the common reflex of taking a massive, deep breath just before the sneeze, as this action increases the volume of air available for the loud expulsion.
Interrupting the Reflex
You can attempt to interrupt the full reflex by applying light pressure to certain points on the face. Placing an index finger beneath the nose and pushing up slightly, or pressing the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth just behind the front teeth, may reduce the severity or stop the sneeze.
Safety Risks of Preventing a Sneeze
While quieting a sneeze is safe, forcefully suppressing it by pinching the nose and closing the mouth is dangerous and must be avoided. This action traps the immense pressure generated by the respiratory system internally. This suppressed pressure can be 5 to 24 times greater than that of a normal, open sneeze.
The retained force seeks the path of least resistance, which can lead to barotraumatic injuries. Potential damage includes rupturing the eardrum when pressure is forced up the Eustachian tubes into the middle ear. Suppressing the sneeze can also damage delicate blood vessels in the eyes and nose, leading to visible bruising or hemorrhaging.
In rare cases, the pressure has been linked to more severe injuries. These include laryngopharyngeal trauma, rupture of the throat tissue, or forcing air into the chest cavity, leading to subcutaneous emphysema or a rib fracture. The increased internal pressure can also cause an existing brain aneurysm to rupture, making full suppression a serious health risk.
Public Health and Containment
Beyond managing the sound, containing the expelled aerosols is a fundamental public health practice. A sneeze projects a cloud of respiratory droplets that can carry viruses and bacteria over a significant distance. This rapid dispersal of germs is a primary concern in preventing the spread of respiratory illnesses.
Containment Methods
The most recommended method for containment is to use a disposable tissue to cover both the mouth and nose completely. The tissue should be discarded immediately into a waste receptacle after use. If a tissue is not readily available, sneeze directly into the crook of the elbow or the upper sleeve. This technique, sometimes called the “vampire sneeze,” prevents hand contamination and limits the transfer of germs to surfaces. Hand hygiene is a mandatory follow-up action, requiring immediate washing with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.