Vaginal thrush, commonly known as a yeast infection, is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of a yeast called Candida albicans. Hormonal fluctuations experienced during pregnancy create an environment within the vagina that is more favorable for yeast to flourish. Though uncomfortable, thrush is generally manageable and does not typically pose a serious risk to the pregnancy or the developing baby.
Understanding Thrush During Pregnancy
Elevated levels of the hormone estrogen during pregnancy can increase the amount of glycogen, a type of sugar, in vaginal cells, which provides a rich food source for Candida to multiply. This shift creates an imbalance in the natural vaginal flora, allowing yeast to overgrow.
Symptoms of vaginal thrush often include itching, irritation, and soreness around the vagina and vulva. Many also notice a thick, white vaginal discharge that is often described as resembling cottage cheese and typically does not have a strong odor. Discomfort or pain during urination or sexual intercourse can also occur. While these symptoms are characteristic of thrush, other conditions can present similarly.
Approved Medical Treatments
Treating thrush during pregnancy requires careful consideration, and it is important to use only those treatments recommended by a healthcare provider. The primary approach involves over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal vaginal creams or pessaries, which are tablets inserted into the vagina. These topical treatments are generally considered safe because they have minimal systemic absorption, meaning very little of the medication enters the bloodstream and reaches the baby.
Common active ingredients found in these pregnancy-safe treatments include clotrimazole and miconazole. These medications are typically used for a course of 3 to 7 days. When using pessaries, it is advisable to insert them without an applicator during pregnancy to avoid potential irritation.
Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, are generally not recommended during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. Studies have indicated a possible link between oral fluconazole use in early pregnancy and an increased risk of miscarriage or certain birth defects, particularly at higher doses. While topical treatments effectively address the local infection, oral options carry potential risks to the fetus and are usually reserved for cases where topical treatments are ineffective and under strict medical guidance.
Lifestyle Adjustments and Prevention
Beyond medical treatments, several lifestyle adjustments can help manage thrush symptoms and reduce the likelihood of recurrence during pregnancy. Wearing breathable cotton underwear and avoiding tight-fitting clothing can help keep the vaginal area dry and aired, discouraging yeast growth. It is also beneficial to change out of wet clothing, like swimwear or sweaty gym clothes, as soon as possible.
Maintaining good hygiene practices is important, such as showering instead of taking long baths and wiping from front to back after using the toilet to prevent the spread of yeast. Avoid using perfumed soaps, vaginal deodorants, douches, and scented feminine hygiene products, as these can irritate the sensitive vaginal area and disrupt its natural balance.
Reducing sugar intake might help, as yeast thrives on sugar. Incorporating probiotics, found in yogurt or supplements, may support a healthy vaginal microbiome, though this should be discussed with a healthcare provider.
When to Consult Your Doctor
It is always advisable to consult a doctor for a confirmed diagnosis before starting any treatment for thrush during pregnancy. Symptoms of thrush can sometimes mimic other vaginal infections or conditions, and a healthcare professional can ensure an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. Seeking medical advice is especially important if it is the first time experiencing thrush-like symptoms.
Contact a doctor if symptoms do not improve after a course of treatment, if they worsen, or if thrush infections become frequent or recurrent. Any unusual symptoms, such as new or worsening pain, fever, a strong or unusual odor from discharge, or unusual vaginal bleeding, warrant immediate medical attention, as these could indicate a different or more serious infection.
While vaginal thrush during pregnancy generally does not harm the baby in the womb, there is a small possibility of transmitting the infection to the newborn during vaginal birth, which can lead to oral thrush in the baby. Effective treatment before delivery helps to reduce this risk.