An ingrown nail occurs when the edge of the nail plate grows into the surrounding soft tissue of the finger. Although more common on toes, it can affect fingernails, causing significant discomfort and inflammation. This article provides safe steps for temporary relief and removal at home, and outlines when professional medical assistance is required.
Recognizing an Ingrown Fingernail
The initial sign of an ingrown fingernail is localized pain and pressure along the side of the nail. This is quickly followed by visible changes in the periungual skin, including redness, swelling, and tenderness when touched. The condition stems from factors that force the nail into the skin. Common causes include improper trimming techniques, such as cutting the nails too short or rounding the edges. Repetitive trauma to the fingers, such as from occupational activities or nail-biting, can also contribute to the nail growing incorrectly.
Safe At-Home Treatment Methods
For mild to moderate cases, initial treatment involves softening the nail and surrounding skin to reduce inflammation. Soak the affected finger in warm water for 15 to 20 minutes, three to four times daily, to decrease swelling and tenderness. Adding a teaspoon of Epsom salt may enhance the soothing effect by drawing out fluid.
After soaking, gently separate the nail edge from the irritated skin fold. Use a sterile tool, such as clean dental floss or a tiny wedge of cotton, to carefully lift the corner of the nail. Insert the cotton or floss gently beneath the nail edge to guide the nail to grow above the skin. Sterilize all tools used to prevent introducing bacteria.
Avoid attempting to aggressively cut or dig out the ingrown portion of the nail, as this increases the risk of infection. Once the nail is lifted, apply an over-the-counter topical antibiotic ointment to the area. Covering the finger with a sterile bandage between soaks will keep the area clean and protected.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Home treatment should be discontinued if the condition fails to improve within a few days or if signs of a worsening infection appear. Professional medical care is necessary if you observe specific red flags. These signs include pus or clear fluid draining from the site, intense or rapidly increasing pain, or redness that spreads outward from the nail fold.
A fever or red streaks extending up the finger and hand are serious indicators of a spreading bacterial infection, such as cellulitis, which requires immediate evaluation. Individuals with underlying medical conditions must seek professional help immediately upon noticing an ingrown nail. People with diabetes, poor circulation, or nerve damage have a heightened risk of complications because their body’s ability to heal and fight infection is compromised. A doctor or podiatrist can safely perform procedures like taping the skin away or surgically removing a small portion of the nail.
Preventing Recurrence
Avoiding future ingrown fingernails centers on adopting a precise nail-trimming technique. The most effective method is to cut the nail straight across, leaving the corners slightly long. This straight-cut shape prevents the nail edges from curving down and growing into the skin. Avoid trimming the nails too short, which can cause the surrounding skin to fold over the nail plate. Use a nail file to gently soften any sharp corners after clipping to prevent trauma to the surrounding tissue. Additionally, avoiding activities that cause repetitive trauma to the nail bed, such as biting or picking at the nails, will decrease the likelihood of the condition returning.