Proper hydration before surgery is an important element of surgical preparation. It can significantly influence both the surgical experience and the recovery process. This guide provides information on how to safely approach hydration in the days leading up to a procedure.
Why Hydration Matters Before Surgery
Maintaining adequate hydration supports bodily functions that contribute to a safer surgical experience. Well-hydrated veins are easier for medical professionals to access, making intravenous (IV) line placement smoother and less uncomfortable. Hydration also helps maintain stable blood pressure during and after anesthesia, which is important for physiological balance.
Hydration can help reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), a common complication after surgery. It supports kidney function, which is relevant as kidneys process medications used during surgery and anesthesia. Staying hydrated helps the body manage surgical stress and can contribute to a more efficient recovery. Conversely, dehydration before surgery can increase risks such as headaches, fatigue, dizziness, and acute renal failure.
Recommended Hydration Practices
Beginning hydration efforts several days to a week before surgery can help establish a good baseline. This involves steadily drinking clear liquids throughout the day rather than consuming large amounts at once. Water is a suitable choice, as are clear fruit juices without pulp, such as apple, white grape, or white cranberry juice.
Clear broths, sports drinks with electrolytes, and clear sodas like Sprite or Ginger Ale also contribute to hydration. Some medical teams may recommend specific carbohydrate-rich clear drinks in the days leading up to surgery. Avoid beverages like milk, cream, pulpy juices, and alcohol, as these can interfere with preparation. Always confirm fluid recommendations with the surgical team, as guidelines can vary.
Critical Pre-Surgery Fluid Restrictions
Fluid restrictions are in place in the immediate hours before surgery to ensure patient safety. The “nil per os” (NPO) rule, meaning “nothing by mouth,” prevents the aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs during anesthesia. Aspiration can lead to complications, including pneumonia.
Generally, solid foods and non-clear liquids, including milk, are restricted 6 to 8 hours before surgery. Clear liquids, such as water, black coffee or tea (without milk or cream), and pulp-free clear juices, are allowed up to 2 hours before the scheduled procedure. Even chewing gum or hard candies should be avoided, as they can stimulate stomach acid production. If medications are needed, take them with only a minimal sip of water, and only if instructed by the medical team. These are general guidelines, and patients must follow the instructions from their surgical team, as rules vary by surgery type, anesthesia, and patient health factors.