Pepper spray (Oleoresin Capsicum or OC spray) is a defensive agent containing capsaicinoids, the compounds that give chili peppers their heat, but in a significantly higher concentration. Upon contact, the eyes instantly swell, leading to temporary blindness and involuntary closure due to severe burning and excessive tearing. This powerful irritant effect requires immediate, controlled action to prevent prolonged discomfort.
Immediate Actions Upon Exposure
The first response to pepper spray exposure is to move away from the source and find fresh air, preferably upwind or in a well-ventilated area. Remaining calm and focusing on slow, controlled breathing is important, as panicking can intensify the burning sensation and spread the irritant.
Avoid the natural instinct to rub your eyes or face, as this drives the oil-based capsaicinoids deeper into the skin. If you wear contact lenses, remove and discard them immediately, as residue can cause re-contamination. Remove any contaminated clothing, especially items pulled over the head, to prevent secondary exposure.
The Decontamination Process
The primary method for removing pepper spray from the eyes is continuous irrigation with large amounts of clean water or a saline solution. The goal is to dilute and wash away the capsaicinoids. Begin flushing immediately and continue this process for a minimum of 15 to 20 minutes, even if symptoms seem to improve sooner.
When irrigating, direct the stream from the inner corner of the eye near the nose toward the outer edge to prevent washing the irritant into the unaffected eye. Blink rapidly while flushing to help move the irritant particles out of the eye socket. You may need assistance holding your eyelids open due to involuntary muscle spasms caused by the capsaicin.
For the skin surrounding the eyes and the rest of the face, use a mild, non-oil-based soap, such as baby shampoo, after the initial water flush. Since capsaicin is oil-based, the surfactant properties of soap help break down the oily residue that water alone may not remove. Gently wash the affected skin, taking care to prevent the soapy solution from entering the eyes.
Never apply oily substances, creams, or lotions to the affected area. Applying oil-based products will trap the oil-soluble capsaicin against the skin, potentially worsening the burning sensation or leading to chemical burns. After washing, pat the skin dry with a clean towel instead of rubbing, which can reactivate the burning.
Monitoring Symptoms and Seeking Professional Care
In most cases, the intense effects of pepper spray are temporary, with symptoms typically subsiding significantly within 30 to 60 minutes after successful decontamination. Residual eye redness, sensitivity to light, and minor skin irritation can last for several hours or up to a full day. The skin may continue to feel warm or tingly for a prolonged period.
You should seek professional medical attention immediately if the intense pain or blurred vision does not improve after 45 to 60 minutes of continuous flushing. Urgent medical evaluation is also required for severe or worsening breathing difficulty, persistent coughing, or chest pain, especially if you have pre-existing conditions like asthma.
An ophthalmologist should examine the eyes if you notice signs of corneal abrasion, such as persistent light sensitivity or the feeling that something is still lodged in the eye. Professional follow-up ensures no long-term injury, as the potential for epithelial damage exists. A medical check is also recommended if you wore contact lenses during the exposure.