Ear pressure, often described as a feeling of fullness or blockage, is a frequently reported symptom associated with respiratory viral infections, including COVID-19. While the SARS-CoV-2 virus primarily targets the respiratory system, the inflammatory response it triggers often extends to connected structures, leading to ear discomfort. This sensation can range from a mild annoyance to a significant source of pain and muffled hearing. Addressing this symptom involves understanding its cause and employing behavioral relief techniques and appropriate over-the-counter medications.
Why COVID Causes Ear Pressure and Fullness
COVID-19 causes ear pressure primarily through upper respiratory inflammation and congestion. The viral infection leads to swelling and increased mucus production in the nasal passages and the back of the throat. This localized swelling directly impacts the function of the Eustachian tubes, which are small passages connecting the middle ear to the upper throat.
The Eustachian tubes regulate air pressure within the middle ear, ensuring it matches the external atmospheric pressure. When surrounding tissues become inflamed and swollen due to the viral infection, the opening or narrowing of these tubes is compromised. This blockage prevents necessary pressure equalization, leading to a vacuum effect or fluid buildup in the middle ear space. This resulting pressure imbalance causes the characteristic feeling of fullness, blockage, or the sensation of being “underwater.”
Behavioral Techniques for Immediate Relief
Immediate relief from ear pressure often involves simple physical maneuvers designed to temporarily open the blocked Eustachian tubes. One common technique is the Valsalva maneuver, which requires gently closing the mouth and pinching the nose shut, then attempting to blow air out through the nostrils. It is important to execute this gently to avoid forceful pressure that could damage the eardrum.
Repeated actions like swallowing, yawning, or chewing gum can also help activate the muscles that open the Eustachian tubes. Sucking on hard candy or sipping water stimulates swallowing, which may encourage the tubes to equalize the pressure. These actions encourage the natural function of the middle ear drainage system.
Inhaling moist air and steam can help thin the thickened mucus contributing to congestion. Taking a hot shower or sitting in a steamy bathroom for 10 to 15 minutes provides temporary relief by moisturizing the nasal and throat passages. Applying a warm compress over the affected ear can also soothe discomfort and encourage fluid drainage. For nasal congestion contributing to the blockage, a gentle saline nasal rinse can help flush the nasal passages, indirectly reducing pressure on the Eustachian tube openings.
Over-the-Counter Medication Options
Certain over-the-counter (OTC) medications can address the underlying congestion and inflammation causing the ear pressure. Oral decongestants, such as those containing pseudoephedrine, work by narrowing blood vessels, which reduces swelling in the nasal passages and may help open the Eustachian tubes. These medications should be used cautiously, particularly by individuals with pre-existing conditions like high blood pressure, and it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional or pharmacist before use.
Nasal decongestant sprays, like oxymetazoline, can provide rapid relief by directly shrinking the nasal lining tissues. However, these sprays should not be used for more than three consecutive days to prevent rebound congestion, where the congestion returns worse than before. Antihistamines, though primarily used for allergies, can help dry up excessive mucus and lessen the nasal symptoms associated with the viral infection.
For managing associated discomfort, pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can reduce general aches and mild ear pain. These medications do not treat the underlying cause of the pressure but can improve overall comfort during the illness. Always adhere to the dosage instructions on the label and be mindful of potential interactions when combining different types of medication.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While most COVID-related ear pressure resolves as the respiratory symptoms clear, certain warning signs indicate the need for professional medical evaluation. You should seek care if the feeling of fullness or pressure persists for more than seven to ten days after the other COVID-19 symptoms have subsided. Lingering symptoms may suggest a secondary issue, such as fluid trapped in the middle ear.
Immediate medical attention is necessary if the ear pressure is accompanied by severe, sharp pain, a sudden spike in fever, or fluid discharge from the ear canal. These symptoms could be signs of an acute middle ear infection, which may require prescription treatment. Additionally, any sudden or significant hearing loss, dizziness, or intense vertigo should prompt a consultation with a healthcare provider. These complications can sometimes be linked to the virus’s effect on the inner ear structures.