An ovary ultrasound is a non-invasive medical imaging procedure that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the ovaries. This technique helps healthcare providers visualize these reproductive organs, aiding in the understanding and diagnosis of various gynecological conditions.
Understanding Ultrasound Basics
Ultrasound technology creates images of internal body structures using high-frequency sound waves. A device called a transducer, or probe, emits these sound waves into the body, which then bounce off organs and tissues like an echo. The transducer captures these reflected sound waves, converting them into electrical signals that a computer processes to form real-time images.
For ovarian imaging, two main types of ultrasound are commonly used: transabdominal and transvaginal. A transabdominal ultrasound involves moving the transducer over the lower abdomen, often after applying a gel. This method provides a broader view of the pelvic area. Conversely, a transvaginal ultrasound uses a thinner probe inserted into the vagina, offering a closer and more detailed view of the ovaries. Both procedures are generally painless and considered safe, as they do not use radiation.
What Normal Ovaries Look Like
Normal ovaries typically appear as almond-shaped structures on an ultrasound, usually located on either side of the uterus. They generally have a smooth and uniform surface, with a typical length ranging from 2 to 5 centimeters. The appearance can vary somewhat depending on factors like a woman’s age and her menstrual cycle phase.
Small, fluid-filled sacs called follicles are a normal finding within healthy ovaries. These follicles are a natural part of the menstrual cycle, as they develop and release eggs. The presence of multiple follicles is common, particularly in women of reproductive age, indicating normal ovarian function. After ovulation, a temporary structure called a corpus luteum may form.
Common Ovarian Findings and What They Mean
Ovarian cysts, fluid-filled sacs that can develop on or within an ovary, are among the most frequent findings. Many cysts are functional, meaning they form as a normal part of the menstrual cycle and often resolve on their own, typically within 60 days. Follicular cysts, for instance, occur if a follicle does not release an egg and continues to fill with fluid. Corpus luteum cysts form after an egg is released, if the follicle remnant seals off and fills with fluid.
Beyond functional cysts, other types may be identified. Simple cysts generally appear as thin-walled, fluid-filled, clear structures on ultrasound. Complex cysts, however, may contain solid components, internal divisions (septations), or debris. Endometriomas, also known as “chocolate cysts,” develop from endometrial tissue outside the uterus and often appear with a homogeneous, ground-glass texture. Dermoid cysts, or teratomas, are another type, which can contain various tissue types like hair or teeth, presenting as a complex mass on imaging.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) often presents with a characteristic appearance on ultrasound. Ovaries in individuals with PCOS may appear enlarged and contain multiple small follicles, typically 12 or more, measuring 2-9 mm in diameter. These follicles are often arranged peripherally, giving a “string of pearls” appearance. An increased ovarian volume, generally greater than 10 cm³, is also a common feature. While these ultrasound findings are indicative, PCOS diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical symptoms and other tests, not solely on ultrasound appearance.
Other less common findings may also be noted during an ovarian ultrasound. Adnexal masses refer to growths near the uterus and ovaries. While uterine fibroids are growths in the uterus, they may be mentioned if they are large or positioned near the ovaries. Findings like ovarian torsion, where the ovary twists, or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, can also be identified, often presenting with specific changes in size, shape, or blood flow.
Deciphering Your Ultrasound Report
Your ultrasound report translates the visual information gathered during the scan into medical terminology. This written document typically includes several key sections. It usually starts with patient information and the clinical indication. The technique section details the type of ultrasound used, such as transabdominal or transvaginal.
The “Findings” section describes the appearance of the ovaries, uterus, and surrounding structures, often including measurements. Terms like “anechoic” indicate a fluid-filled area that appears black on the image, while “hypoechoic” means darker than surrounding tissue. “Heterogeneous” suggests a varied texture, often seen with fibroids or other complex masses, while “homogeneous” describes a uniform texture. The report will specify cyst measurements in centimeters if any are present. The “Impression” or “Conclusion” section provides a summary of the most important findings and the radiologist’s overall interpretation.
Next Steps After Your Ultrasound
An ultrasound is one component of a comprehensive medical evaluation. It is important to discuss the ultrasound findings with your healthcare provider. Your doctor will integrate the ultrasound results with your medical history, current symptoms, and any other diagnostic tests performed. This comprehensive approach ensures an accurate diagnosis and the most appropriate treatment plan.
Avoid attempting to self-diagnose based solely on the ultrasound report, as interpreting these findings requires specialized medical knowledge. Your doctor will explain the implications of the findings and guide you on any necessary follow-up appointments. Further imaging, blood tests, or interventions may be recommended based on the ultrasound results and your overall clinical picture.