Compression stockings, sometimes called Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis socks, are a standard part of recovery following major joint procedures like knee surgery. These specialized garments apply graduated pressure to the lower legs, supporting circulation when mobility is limited. The post-operative period requires gentle, specific techniques for putting these stockings on to avoid straining the healing knee joint. Proper application ensures the socks are effective in their medical purpose and prevents skin irritation or uneven compression. Understanding the correct procedure is paramount for a safe and comfortable recovery.
The Purpose of Compression After Knee Surgery
Compression therapy is a preventative measure prescribed because knee surgery temporarily restricts movement, which increases the risk of blood complications. One of the primary medical reasons for wearing these stockings is the prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, typically in the leg. Graduated compression applies the highest pressure at the ankle and gradually reduces it up the leg. This external pressure helps to gently squeeze the leg veins, encouraging blood to flow back toward the heart and preventing blood from pooling.
The stockings also play a significant role in managing post-operative swelling, known as edema, around the surgical site and lower leg. By controlling the buildup of fluid, compression reduces discomfort and accelerates the healing process. This improved circulation delivers oxygenated blood more efficiently to the tissues, which is crucial for repair and recovery. The stability provided by the garment further supports confident movement during early physical therapy exercises.
Preparation and Necessary Tools
Before attempting to put on a compression stocking, ensuring the leg is properly prepared is necessary for both comfort and effectiveness. The skin should be completely dry, as moisture or the presence of lotions and oils can create friction, making the material difficult to slide on. This friction can lead to bunching and improper fit, which compromises the graduated compression.
Confirming the stocking is the correct size is a necessary step, as an improperly sized garment can cause complications like decreased circulation or skin breakdown. Many patients find it easier to apply the stockings in the morning when swelling is typically at its lowest. Given the limited ability to bend and reach after knee surgery, a specialized tool called a donning aid, such as a sock slider or a frame with long handles, is often used. These aids minimize the need for the patient to flex the operated knee excessively, reducing strain and pain during application.
Step-by-Step Guide to Safe Application
The most effective technique for application, especially with limited mobility, involves turning the stocking mostly inside out before starting. Begin by reaching inside the stocking and pulling the material down until only the foot section remains right-side out, effectively creating a pouch. This concentrates the tightest part of the garment at the foot and heel, making the initial push onto the leg easier.
Carefully slide the foot into the inverted portion, making sure the heel pocket is correctly aligned and seated around your heel. This is a crucial step because a misplaced heel will cause the graduated compression to be incorrectly distributed. If using a donning aid, the stocking is often loaded onto the frame first, then the foot is pushed through the opening, using the aid’s handles to pull the sock up without bending over.
Once the foot and heel are properly positioned, the remainder of the stocking is rolled, not pulled, up the leg in gradual increments. It is important to work the fabric up smoothly, using flat hands to eliminate any wrinkles or folds that could create uneven pressure points. The top band of the stocking should lie flat and should never be rolled down, as this doubles the compression in one area, potentially restricting blood flow.
Stocking Care and When to Contact Your Doctor
Maintaining the elasticity of compression stockings is necessary to ensure they continue to deliver the prescribed pressure. The garments should be washed by hand using a mild soap and cold water, as harsh detergents and hot water can degrade the fibers. After washing, they must be air-dried, as the heat from a machine dryer will damage the elastic properties and shorten the lifespan of the stocking.
Continuous monitoring of the leg is necessary while wearing compression stockings to watch for signs of complications.
When to Contact Your Doctor
Immediate medical attention is required if you notice:
- The toes on the affected foot suddenly turn blue, gray, or feel cold, indicating a circulation issue.
- A sudden increase in severe pain, numbness, or tingling in the foot and ankle.
- Blistering, open sores, or deep indentations on the skin caused by the stocking, signaling skin breakdown or an improper fit.